HPV and HIV: common signs and manifestations of two different infections

Source: https://ru.esdifferent.com/difference-between-hiv-and-hpv

“Effective treatment for HPV” - false or true?

Human papillomavirus is the most common viral infection, according to WHO. It appears in the vast majority of people who are sexually active.

Moreover, Russian doctors, in particular gynecologists, regularly recommend that patients be tested for HPV, arguing that if the virus is found, then it is “effectively treated.” AIDS.

The CENTER explains whether this virus can actually be cured.

Does everyone have HPV?

The human papillomavirus is extremely common - almost all people encounter it. More than 120 types have been described, 15 of them are oncogenic and can cause cancer.

The rest cause less serious manifestations: warts, condylomas and papillomas may grow. Depending on the type, the virus affects the mucous membranes of the mouth, larynx, genitals, anus, skin of the hands and soles.

Many people have been familiar with rough warts on their hands since childhood; they are usually caused by HPV.

The peculiarity of this virus is that it is highly contagious, that is, it is transmitted both sexually and through simple skin contact. Therefore, the bad news: condoms do not guarantee protection against it at all.

Most adults and many children are infected with it, but it is not scary and almost always goes away without leaving a trace.

In 90-98% of cases, after 1-2 years the body can cope with the virus itself; in such cases, the infection is called transient.

But there are also dangers, for example, if HPV remains in a woman’s body for a long time, the risk of cervical cancer increases. According to WHO, two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause up to 70% of all cases of cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus is detected during cervical cancer screening.

Review of antiviral and immunomodulatory “medicines”

In Russia and the CIS countries, gynecologists prescribe antiviral therapy for HPV. Treatment regimens are cumbersome and expensive: the patient is given a list of several drugs.

• Polyoxidonium. It was invented in the mid-90s in St. Petersburg and patented as a remedy for helminths. Today, it has about 40 indications for use. “It helps with everything” is a typical sign of a dummy drug. Alas, manufacturers managed to push Polyoxidonium onto the list of vital medicines.
• Panavir. The active substance is polysaccharides from the shoots of the Solanum tuberosum plant, that is, potatoes. The drug's website claims that Panavir prevents HPV infection.
• Isoprinosine, also known as Groprinosin and Normomed. Claimed as an immunomodulator. There is one study from 23 years ago, done on 24 patients: it claims that Isoprinosine is effective in treating HPV.
• Antiviral ointments and suppositories: Valacyclovir, Penciclovir, Acyclovir. There are no publications on the effectiveness of their use in the treatment of HPV.
• Interferon preparations. Used to treat hepatitis B and C and some types of cancer. Interferon is not indicated for HPV therapy.
• Interferon inducers: Amiksin, Viferon, Allokin-alpha, Cycloferon, Neovir, Ridostin. Nowhere except Russia and the CIS are there studies of this group of drugs.
• Antibiotics, herbal treatments, homeopathy, suppositories with sea buckthorn oil and vaginal tampons with honey are ineffective for any viral infection.

It is important to understand that there are no serious and complete studies on any of the above drugs - randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Advertising and laudatory publications and studies with non-representative samples are posted only on the websites of manufacturers of Russian-language resources. Apart from the CIS countries, these funds are not registered and are not used anywhere.

Many Russian gynecologists claim that drugs with unproven effectiveness successfully treat HPV: the test for the virus becomes negative after one or several courses. But this result is not a merit of the treatment; it means that the infection was transient and would have gone away on its own, even without the unnecessary drug and financial burden.

World practice

The US Center for Disease Control writes that specific therapy for HPV is not recommended. WHO in its fact sheet only talks about the need to treat the consequences that HPV can cause: cervical cancer, anal or genital warts. In men, oncogenic types of HPV can cause cancer of the rectum and penis.

• In the modern world, there is no drug therapy, but much attention is paid to vaccination.
• HPV vaccination
• Two vaccines have undergone clinical trials and are registered on the market:

• Gardasil - protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18;
• Cervarix - protects against HPV types 16 and 18.

The drugs are very expensive (the price of one injection is about 6,000 - 10,000 rubles), so only developed countries can afford mass vaccination.

Ideally, all adolescents aged 11-12 years, regardless of gender, should be vaccinated (twice within six months) and adults under 26 years of age (three times after 14 years of age within six months). Russian vaccine instructions recommend three-time vaccination at any age.

Separately, it is worth mentioning that the American Alliance of Immunologists recommends getting vaccinated against HPV for HIV. The effectiveness of vaccination of HIV-positive girls is evidenced by WHO, clinical studies of the Canadian Institute of Health Research and other publications.

When should you get tested for HPV?

HPV testing is prescribed to women over 30 years of age with abnormal cytology or histology results. It’s just pointless and costly to carry it out like that. The results of the PAP test, together with the HPV test, help determine the correct interval before repeat cytological examination or colposcopy.

1. A positive HPV test does not mean cancer, it only allows you to make a rough prognosis; Moreover, the virus is not the only risk factor for cervical cancer.
2. The HPV test should not be used in large numbers - it is an additional (and expensive) screening method.
3. Result:

• There is no proven antiviral therapy for HPV, nor are there drugs that strengthen the immune system.
• It is not HPV that is treated, but its consequences: precancerous conditions and cervical cancer, neoplasms on the skin and mucous membranes. The treatment is not medicinal, but surgical: laser, cryodestruction, surgery.
• There is no need for everyone to get tested for HPV.

Source: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5b475f9d8055eb00a9660281/5c87a1cd1b57ec00b29ba977

Human papillomavirus (HPV). history of research and relationship with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

• HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV). HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
• Karp Tatyana Dmitrievna
• 2nd year student, Department of Medical Biophysics, FEFU, Russian Federation, Vladivostok
• Email : tachella@ mail. ru
• Reva Galina Vitalievna

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Professor FEFU, Russian Federation, Vladivostok

Currently, more than 120 types of papillomaviruses have been identified, of which 70 types are described in detail.

  It has been established that papilloma viruses have type and tissue specificity, which means that each type is capable of infecting tissue specific to its localization.

  For example, HPV type 1 causes plantar warts, HPV type 2 causes common warts, HPV type 3 causes flat warts, etc.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to subgroup A of the papovirus family (Papoviridae). HPV has a spherical shape with a diameter of up to 55 nm. The capsid has a cubic type of symmetry, forms a geometric figure - an icosahedron, built from 72 capsomeres.

  The HPV genome is presented as a cyclically closed double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 3-5 mD. Isolated DNA has infectious and transformative properties. One of the DNA strands is considered coding and contains information about the structure of viral proteins.

  One coding chain contains up to 10 open reading frames, which, depending on their location in the genome, divide early and late.

The HPV virion contains two layers of structural proteins, designated by the letter E. The early region includes the E1, E2 genes, which are responsible for viral replication. The E4 gene is involved in the process of maturation of viral particles.

  Thus, polymorphism of the gene encoding p53 is a genetic predisposition for the active development of HPV with subsequent malignancy of the cell. Late genes L1 and L2 encode viral capsid proteins.

Internal proteins bound to DNA are cellular histones, and capsid proteins are type-specific antigens.

  HPV reproduction occurs in the nuclei of cells, where viral DNA is present in the form of an episome.

  This is the first feature that distinguishes HPV from other oncogenic DNA viruses that can integrate their genome into the DNA of a transformed cell.

1. The second feature of HPV is that the viral gene responsible for the replication of cellular DNA can be transcribed, causing the host cell to divide along with the HPV, which leads to a productive type of inflammation, regardless of the ability of the host cell to regulate the expression of the viral genome.
2. The HPV genome contains hormonal receptors for progesterone and glucocorticoid hormones, which explains the dependence of the course of PVI on the woman’s hormonal homeostasis.
3. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies HPV 16, 31, 51, and 18 as “carcinogenic to humans,” while HPV 66 is classified as “possibly carcinogenic.”

Multivariate analysis suggests that the number of sexual partners during a lifetime plays a decisive role in HPV infection.

  This reinforces the idea that the most appropriate age for HPV vaccination is before sexual activity.

  Living with a partner had a protective effect against high-risk HPV infection. 

The connection between HPV and HIV. After 30 years of the HPV epidemic, there are about 2 new infections for each treatment and no effective vaccine. New measures with a biologically targeted co-factor for HIV infection are needed.

HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer, quickly acquired after the onset of sexual activity, infections with several genotypes are similar. This makes HPV a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide.

  There are approximately 40 HPV genotypes that affect the human genital tract, and they are divided into 2 groups depending on their oncogenic potential: high-risk oncogenic and low-risk non-oncogenic genotypes.

  Symptoms of infection appear rarely and, as a rule, in the form of anogenital condyloma. There are two effective vaccines that offer protection against HPV. The bivalent vaccine is directed against HPV types 16 and 18, and the quadrivalent vaccine against types 16,18, 6, 11.

  Evidence is provided that both vaccines cross-react against types for which there is no vaccine (especially HPV 31,33 and 45).

Accumulating, assessing, and synthesizing existing evidence linking HPV to HIV acquisition could provide scientists with an important resource for assessing the potential role of HPV in the HIV pandemic.

  The purpose of the study was to accumulate and evaluate observational data that trace the relationship between HPV prevalence and HIV infections, and to estimate the proportion of HIV infections caused by HPV infections.

This systematic review of the literature provides the first summary of published data on the association between the prevalence of HPV infection and HIV acquisition.

  Summarizing the studies in women, an almost twofold increase in the risk of HIV infection was found in the presence of HPV genotypes; the same association was found in two studies in men. 

The link between HPV prevalence and increased risk of HIV infection is biologically plausible.

  It has been shown that the E7 protein of HPV type 16 reduces the number of epithelial adhesion molecules, namely E-cadherin (cell adhesion is the connection of cells with each other, which leads to the formation of certain correct types of histological structures specific to these types of cells. The specificity of cell adhesion is determined by the presence on the cell surface of cell adhesion proteins—integrins, cadherins, etc.). 

This potentially increases the permeability of HIV in the genitals. The cells lining the genital tract contain Langerhans cells, which can internalize HIV, preventing further spread of the infection.

  The immune response to HPV is mediated by T lymphocytes, which may increase the risk of HIV infection because T lymphocytes are the primary target cells for HIV. An increase in the number of these cells was seen in HPV-infected cervical tissue.

  There was also an increase in the cytokine IL-Iβ, which activates the promoter region of the HIV genome, in women with abnormal cervical cytology infected with HPV. 

To summarize, studies in women have shown a strong association between HPV prevalence and HIV infection.

  The results presented in this study need to be refined to evaluate the potential of the HPV vaccine to influence HIV incidence.

Bibliography:

1. Afanasyev Yu.I., Yurina N.A. Histology, embryology, cytology - textbook. M: "Geotar-Media", 2013, - 797 pages.

Source: https://sibac.info/studconf/natur/xxvi/40428

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the family of retroviruses. Today there are two types: HIV1 and HIV2. They differ in antigenic and structural characteristics.

The human immunodeficiency virus is not highly resistant to environmental influences. It can be destroyed by any known chemical agent that has disinfecting properties, even at a low concentration of these properties.

HIV dies during the boiling process (13 minutes), as a result of heating the virus at a temperature of 56 C for 30 minutes. is its complete inactivation.

It is generally accepted that the virus can be found in almost any biological fluid of the body, however, if this fluid does not contain blood impurities, the amount of HIV is not enough for the infection process.

Biological fluids that do not contain blood and, therefore, are not dangerous upon contact include saliva, tears, vomit, and sweat.

Any biological fluid organically associated with lymph can contain HIV in a fairly high concentration.

It is this circumstance that promotes sexual transmission of the virus and significantly increases the risk of a child getting infection during breastfeeding.

Once in the body, the human immunodeficiency virus penetrates the so-called target cells, which act as regulators in the immune response. In addition, HIV penetrates into other cells, thereby involving various organs and systems in pathological processes.

The HIV genome built into the genome of a human cell, called the HIV provirus, exhibits the highest activity, producing 10 to the tenth power of viral particles per day.

If the patient does not receive sufficiently effective antiretroviral therapy, drug-resistant HIV variants develop.

During the “natural course” of HIV infection, an unusually high rhythm of formation and subsequent destruction of lymphocytes attacked by HIV develops, about 10 to the ninth power per day.

This “race to the bottom” invariably ends in victory for the virus.

The death of cells of the immune system leads to the appearance of immunodeficiency, which subsequently manifests itself in the development of symptoms caused directly by the virus, as well as the appearance of secondary diseases of both infectious and non-infectious origin.

The speed of development, as well as the severity of the disease, is determined by factors such as the presence of infections, the age of the patient and his genetic characteristics, and the “militancy” of the individual type (strain) of the human immunodeficiency virus. Even when infected from the same HIV carrier, in some cases the infection progresses slowly, in others - quickly.

The classification of clinical manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus begins with the incubation stage. This is the period from the moment of infection to the first reaction of the body, manifested in the form of the production of antibodies, or an acute infection. The duration of the incubation stage can range from three weeks to three months.

The transition to the subclinical stage is determined by a slow increase in immunodeficiency, a slight slowdown in the rate of HIV reproduction, and enlargement of the lymph nodes. The duration of the subclinical stage is a fairly long period from two to twenty or more years, although on average it ranges from six to seven years.

The transition to the stage of secondary diseases (AIDS) is caused by the depletion of CD4 lymphocyte populations and, as a consequence, the development of infectious or secondary oncological diseases. Various variants of the stage of secondary diseases appear in the period from 6 - 10 to 10 - 12 years from the moment of infection.

The last, terminal stage of the pathology caused by HIV is characterized by irreversible phases of secondary diseases, in which even methods of adequate antiretroviral therapy lose their effectiveness. Such a patient is doomed to death within a few months.

Ask a question, write a review

There was contact with a carrier of the virus (anal intercourse - the condom broke). There was no pre-cumulant or eaculant. At this point I stopped taking post-exposure prophylactic antiretroviral therapy after injury (PCT or PEP course for 30 days.

Drugs: Aluvia + Emtricitabine (200 mg) + Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg)). The contact occurred 6 days before the end of PEP.

Questions: How long should I continue post-exposure prophylaxis so that the virus finally dies and does not enter the lymphatic system?

Hello! To be honest, this is not a simple question. It's best to discuss this with your doctor. Additional tests may be required.

my brother is in the hospital with pneumonia and HIV there is a chance to survive

Good afternoon Of course have. You shouldn't make any assumptions in advance.

Good afternoon To do this, you need to know your entire medical history.

Hello! Kazakhstanis are again being frightened by HIV-infected fruits, Channel 31 reports. Unidentified people are spreading rumors on WhatsApp that bananas and oranges sold in markets are allegedly filled with the blood of HIV patients.

Doctors admit that they explain to people almost every day that HIV cannot be transmitted through fruits. “This is complete nonsense. The human immunodeficiency virus is absolutely non-viable in the environment.

Sun rays, any water can immediately destroy these microbes, our viruses,” says Galia Karymsakova, deputy chief physician for medical work at the regional AIDS Center. Please tell me is this possible? After all, it is written that they are stuffed with the BLOOD of HIV patients.

After all, if you step on a contaminated syringe at the entrance, you can get infected by getting injured. And if there is blood in the fruit, is it also possible to become infected?

No. And you don’t have to believe in this “news”.

Is there a cure for HIV? Which will completely cure the patient?

Tell me, my brother is sitting with me, he has stage 4 HIV and has double-sided tuberculosis, how much time does he have left?

The trip to the KVD was based on an itchy rash on the legs in the area between the groin and knees.

As a doctor, tell me I can get a medical book to work as a pastry chef..

What do you have in mind?. What field do you want to work in? What diseases do you have?

I will be very grateful if you answer me

He has three children with his wife Anya Rastalis, he has such healthy children, they can be infected, he lived in dreams for a hundred years, but none of us were infected, thank God, and the mess was all common, he hid us, is that possible from the happy ones. They are hiding and yes my daughter is two years old, you can analyze her, I don’t let the children see him now

Source: https://hpvinfo.ru/papillomavirus/encyclopaedia/HIV-virus-immunodeficita-cheloveka.html

HPV sign of HIV

The similarity of abbreviations in medicine is not uncommon. But the coincidence of terms or the overlap of symptoms of HPV and HIV is not the worst thing. One disease may be a harbinger of another.

The appearance of certain signs suggests that it was possible to prevent the development of a terrible diagnosis by taking timely measures.

How interrelated are these types of infectious diseases from a medical point of view?

HIV infection is often preceded by HPV infection

What is HPV or why do papillomas appear?

HPV is a virus that is transmitted through sexual contact. Pathogenic cells enter the blood. The infection has several varieties and manifests itself when the activity of the immune system decreases.

Key Features:

1. Widespread, according to statistics about 90% are infected.
2. Leads to the appearance of papillomas, condylomas and other benign formations on the skin, including intimate organs.
3. If adequate therapy is delayed, the growths degenerate into cancer.
4. There is a chance of self-healing, it occurs within a year.

Reference: HPV is an infectious disease with specific manifestations. There are several types of the virus; types 16 and 18 are considered dangerous.

Papillomas can develop into cancer

Possible consequences:

• degeneration of a benign tumor into a malignant one with the development of oncology;
• suppuration, inflammation or damage to the papilloma;
• the appearance of multiple formations on the body, their active growth (development of papillomatosis).

It is believed that if a person’s immunity is fine, then there is no need to treat the disease, it will go away on its own, and along with it, the warts that appear on the skin will disappear.

The virus causes the appearance of multiple papillomas on the body

But self-healing does not occur in 100% of cases. If the papillomas have not disappeared after 10-12 months, are characterized by rapid growth or cause serious inconvenience to the patient, symptomatic treatment is carried out, it consists of:

1. Taking medications that improve protective functions.
2. Cleansing and normalizing the functioning of vital organs and systems.
3. Removal of warts using any available method.

Human papillomavirus can be detected by performing appropriate diagnostic procedures. But often they are not required, since the doctor only needs to conduct a visual examination.

HPV has an unfavorable prognosis only under certain circumstances; tumor degeneration and oncology development are observed. In other cases, the patient can count on a cure.

The patient should take medications to strengthen the immune system

HIV status positive: what is it?

Immunodeficiency is the inability to resist pathogenic microorganisms. A person with this diagnosis is not resistant to viral agents and bacteria, is easily infected and often suffers from protracted, complicated diseases of various origins.

A virus whose cells suppress natural protective functions can cause immune deficiency. Antibodies lose their ability to resist pathogens. As a result, the common cold becomes a fatal diagnosis for a person.

But HIV is not AIDS, but a condition that can be corrected with drug therapy. These diseases are usually associated, although the difference between them is obvious.

Immunodeficiency prevents the body from resisting infections

Main signs and manifestations of the disease:

• at the initial stage, a person begins to feel worse: lethargy, drowsiness, and malaise appear;
• there are signs of a respiratory or viral infection with a slight increase in body temperature;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, axillary or submandibular area, accompanied by pain.

The disease is accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes

In both women and men, one nonspecific symptom may be present - increased body temperature. However, no other signs of the disease are observed.

Often there are no symptoms, which leads to late diagnosis. HIV does not manifest itself in any way, which means that a person is a carrier of the infection for a long time without knowing it. To give the patient a correct diagnosis, you will need to take a blood test and wait for the results.

Is there a connection between infections

Undoubtedly, HPV and HIV are two different diseases, but with a detailed study of the issue, you can find similarities between infections:

1. Lead to decreased activity of the immune system.
2. They foreshadow each other.

HIV contributes to the development of dysplasia

The relationship between diseases is obvious to doctors. They were able to establish the following pattern:

• people with a deficient immune system are more likely to suffer from HPV manifestations;
• Moreover, in such patients, the human papillomavirus degenerates into cancer.

According to research, HPV in HIV-infected people often leads to the development of dysplasia, resulting in oncology. Most often, women suffer from this when faced with a diagnosis such as cervical cancer.

The connection between diseases is considered conditional and it cannot be said that everyone who has had HPV or discovered several warts on the body is infected with HIV.

A blood test can help detect infection

Similarities can also be found when carrying out drug therapy: to treat these diseases, drugs that stimulate the immune system are used. It can be difficult to determine whether HPV and HIV are related or not. But in order not to subsequently become a victim of a fatal diagnosis, when papillomas appear on the body, it is worth donating blood for HIV infection and determining your status.

For information about the causes of human papillomavirus infection, see below:

Source: https://twinvir.net/vpch-priznak-vich/

How do the first signs of HIV appear?

The rate of development of any disease depends on the number of infectious agents entering the body, the type of pathogen and the general health of the person at the time of infection.

HIV infection is most often diagnosed when clinical manifestations become apparent. Until manifestation, the disease is asymptomatic, and the viral presence in the blood is not detected.

There are 4 clinical stages of the disease:

• incubation period;
• stage of primary manifestations;
• stage of secondary diseases;
• end stage (or AIDS).

Let's look at the main symptoms and signs of each stage of HIV infection.

Signs of the incubation period of HIV infection

After infection with the immunodeficiency virus, changes in the human body begin to occur irreversibly. The number of viral particles in the blood gradually increases; they attach to the surface of immune cells and destroy them. The main feature of the period is that there are no clinical symptoms of the disease.

The first symptoms after HIV infection begin to appear after an average of 12 weeks. However, this period can be much shorter - from 14 days, or can stretch for years.

During the incubation stage of HIV, there are no indicators of the presence of the virus in the blood. Antibodies to it have not yet been determined. As a result, the incubation period is usually called the “serological window.”

Can an HIV-infected person be externally different from a healthy person? No, he looks no different from other people.

The problem is that minor signs indicating infection are not perceived by a person as a disease.

Only if there are factors predisposing to infection (contact with an HIV-infected person, working in a medical clinic with contaminated biological material), symptoms can raise suspicion of HIV.

These include:

• subfebrile body temperature not exceeding 37.5°C;
• slight increase in different groups of lymph nodes;
• moderate muscle pain;
• weakness, apathy.

Such signs, when the cause of their occurrence is unclear, are an indication for diagnostic testing for HIV infection.

Despite the absence of hematological and clinical manifestations, the patient is dangerous to others during the incubation period. An infected person is already a source of infection, capable of transmitting the disease to other people.

Signs and symptoms in the stage of primary manifestations of HIV infection

The transition of the disease to the second stage is marked by the development of seroconversion. The process in which specific antibodies begin to be detected in the patient’s blood. From this point on, HIV infection can be diagnosed using serological methods for studying biological materials.

The stage of primary manifestations of HIV can occur in three forms independent of each other.

Asymptomatic phase

The period is characterized by a complete absence of clinical symptoms. The person considers himself absolutely healthy.

The phase can last up to several years, but a rapid course is also possible, lasting no more than a month.

Statistics show that if a person has an asymptomatic infection for a long time, then after 5 years, symptoms of immune deficiency (AIDS) begin to develop in only 30% of those infected.

Acute HIV infection

The manifestation of primary symptoms develops in 30% of infected people. The first obvious signs appear 1-3 months after the virus enters the human body.

The symptoms that characterize the acute period of the disease resemble those of infectious mononucleosis:

• increased body temperature to 37°C or higher, without visible signs of disease;
• hyperthermia is not eliminated by taking antipyretic drugs;
• signs of HIV infection appear in the oral cavity - sore throat, inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils (like a sore throat);
• taking antibacterial drugs does not bring success;
• enlargement and tenderness of the lymph nodes in the neck;
• an increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
• the appearance of diarrhea;
• insomnia, increased sweating at night;
• small spots of pale pink color may form on the skin - maculopapular rash;
• apathy, loss of appetite, headaches and weakness.

The stage occurs in the form of inflammation of the brain and its membranes (meningitis or encephalitis). Characteristic symptoms develop: severe headache, rise in body temperature to 40°C, nausea and vomiting.

Another option for the course of the acute phase is esophagitis - inflammation of the esophagus. The disease is accompanied by pain when swallowing and causeless pain in the chest.

In any of the listed cases, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis is detected in the patient’s blood, and atypical cells—mononuclear cells—appear.

Generalized lymphadenopathy

swollen lymph nodes

This phase is characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes. Lymphadenopathy is considered to be damage to more than two groups of lymph nodes, the exception of which is the inguinal ones.

Most often, enlargement of the cervical and supraclavicular nodes occurs. They reach a diameter of up to 5 cm and become painful. It is noteworthy that the skin over them does not change, and they do not fuse with the subcutaneous tissue.

These symptoms are often the first to appear in an HIV-infected person.

The average duration of this stage is 3 months. Towards the end, the patient develops cachexia (sharp causeless weight loss).

Signs and symptoms of the stage of secondary diseases of HIV infection

The third stage of the disease is characterized by persistent suppression of the human immune system. Features of the course of the disease in HIV-infected people during this period are changes in the blood: a decrease in the level of leukocytes, in particular, the number of T-lymphocytes decreases significantly.

At the third stage, symptoms characteristic of various visceral diseases (affecting internal organs) appear.

Kaposi's sarcoma

The disease is characterized by the formation of many cherry-colored spots and bumps up to 10 cm in diameter. They are localized on any part of the body: head, limbs, mucous membranes. In fact, these formations are tumors originating from the tissues of the lymphatic vessels.

The prognosis for life with this disease depends on the form of its course. In the acute course of the disease, people live an average of 2 years; in the chronic form, life expectancy reaches 10 years.

Pneumocystis pneumonia

With this type of pneumonia, the symptoms of the disease develop quickly. First, a high body temperature appears, which is not brought down by antipyretics. Then chest pain, cough (first dry, then with sputum), shortness of breath. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorates. Treatment with antibacterial drugs is ineffective.

Generalized infection

This form of secondary manifestations of HIV is most typical for women. Various infections in patients infected with a retrovirus acquire a generalized course, affecting the entire body as a whole.

Such diseases include:

• herpes virus infection;
• tuberculous lesions of various organs;
• fungal diseases – often candidiasis;
• cytomegalovirus infection, etc.

The course of the disease is extremely severe, affecting the respiratory system, digestive system, and brain. Characteristic for them is the development of sepsis.

Neurological symptoms of HIV infection

With this variant of the course, the brain is affected with depression of cognitive functions. Symptoms will be: memory loss, decreased concentration, absent-mindedness. An extreme manifestation of brain dysfunction is the development of progressive dementia.

The above diseases do not always develop with HIV, but their presence helps doctors identify the period of development of the disease.

Signs and symptoms of end-stage HIV infection

The last stage of HIV infection is called acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The symptoms of AIDS are the same in men and women.

Patients with AIDS have pronounced cachexia (emaciation), and even the simplest infectious and inflammatory diseases have a long and severe course. A characteristic feature is a significant increase in the size of the inguinal lymph nodes.

The last period, when HIV infection turns into AIDS, can be characterized by the following forms:

1. Pulmonary – pneumonia develops and has a severe course.
2. Intestinal – associated with disturbances in the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients. Characteristic features: diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss.
3. Neurological – severe meningitis and encephalitis, development of malignant neoplasms in the brain and spinal cord. It may manifest itself as epileptic seizures, the duration and frequency of which increase over time.
4. Mucocutaneous – symptoms of AIDS appear in the oral cavity, on the skin, and in the genital area. They look like ulcers, erosions, rashes. Often, ulcerations can grow into underlying tissues (muscles, bones). Small wounds, cuts, and scratches do not heal for a long time, which is an unfavorable prognostic sign.
5. Common – the most severe form of AIDS, in which all organs and systems are affected simultaneously. Death, as a rule, occurs in the first six months from severe renal failure.

AIDS progresses and develops very quickly. The life expectancy of people with terminal stage HIV infection does not exceed 2-3 years. However, timely antiretroviral therapy can sometimes delay death for a long period of time.

Source: https://aids24.ru/o-vich/kak-proyavlyayutsya-priznaki-vich