How the brain is examined using computed tomography

There is very little knowledge about the capabilities of the human brain. Only its structure, ability to coordinate the work of the whole organism and its effect on overall well-being are known.

For example, as a result of a disorder of blood flow in the cerebral artery, speech, coordination of movements, and thinking are disrupted, and paralysis occurs. All these are symptoms of a stroke.

Timely and innovative diagnosis makes it possible to effectively treat diseases of any part of the brain.

Specialized methods

The following examination methods exist:

• Doppler ultrasound provides information about blood circulation in important vessels of the neck and brain. In this way, abnormalities of the vascular system are detected in the early stages. The effectiveness of the treatment is analyzed. Meanwhile, the day before you need to stop smoking and drinking caffeine. The above can affect vascular tone.

• Electroencephalography allows you to analyze the functional state of the brain and its irritability. In this case, even minor fluctuations are recorded. The information obtained is transferred to a special paper tape or converted into an image on a computer screen. This method makes it possible to diagnose and treat epilepsy, delayed mental and speech development, and detect the consequences of traumatic brain injuries.

• Echoencephalography diagnoses tumors and disorders of the brain structure, including after injuries. The device works by capturing a kind of echo, which is returned when ultrasonic waves are sent to the brain. The image is displayed on the screen.

• Rheoencephalography uses a weak high-frequency electric current to record fluctuations in the electrical resistance of tissues. This determines the condition of the vessels, their elasticity, blood filling and tone. The functioning of the arterial and venous systems of the brain is also established. Atherosclerosis, intracranial hypertension, subdural hematomas, and vascular dystonia are diagnosed. The effect of therapy for the listed diseases is assessed. The study is carried out using a rheograph apparatus with electrodes connected to it.

• Electroneuromyography. Using this method, brain biocurrents are recorded. The data obtained make it possible to diagnose dysfunctions of the peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular diseases. The procedure does not require lengthy and extensive preparation, and does not take much time, which makes it convenient and comfortable for those being examined.

• Neurosonography allows you to study the condition of babies from birth to 12 months. Ultrasound is used, so the procedure is safe. The equipment is highly accurate, as a result of which diseases are detected at the earliest stages, right up to the overgrowth of a large fontanel in the skull.

• Craniography. The examination is carried out using x-rays. Projections of the skull are made in profile and full face. This is how congenital or acquired bone abnormalities are detected. The value of craniography lies in the ability to quickly assess the presence of large fractures of the bones of the brain and facial skull. Craniography can be performed if there is a suspicion of a tumor of bone structures, brain structures, neuritis of the facial nerve, or if osteomyelitis is suspected.

CT scan

The examination is used if the patient suffers:

• pain in the head and neck area;
• fainting;
• dizziness;
• convulsions;
• speech and memory disorders;
• suffered a stroke;
• visual and auditory impairments.

The examination method under consideration is not applicable to pregnant women and children. If it is necessary to administer intravenously a contrast agent, the following contraindications are added:

• liver and kidney failure;
• heart defects;
• asthma;
• thyroid diseases;
• allergy to iodine;
• diabetes.

Before an examination using a contrast procedure, it is forbidden to consume food or liquid for 4 hours. Other cases do not require special preparation of patients. During the procedure, a person is moved on a moving table into a tomograph, where it is forbidden to move. At certain moments you will need to hold your breath.

In the absence of contraindications, the examination can be carried out as long as necessary to accurately establish the pathology.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Diagnostics is effective for a wide range of pathologies: from diseases of the vascular system to tumors.

Contraindications to the examination include:

• mental disorders of the patient;
• acute pain syndrome or coma;
• metal and ferromagnetic pins, clips on blood vessels, implants in the patient’s body, permanent crowns on teeth;
• tattoos made with paint containing metallic particles.

The principle of operation is the same as that of computed tomography. The patient lies down on a moving table, the body is secured with straps, and sensory sensors are attached to the head. This is how the signal is sent and read.

The table is sent to the tomograph. Duration - up to 40 minutes. The duration depends on the number of programs involved. The patient is required to lie still. The procedure is safe for children and adults.

Magnetic resonance angiography

The examinations are carried out according to the same rules as MRI. This is how pathologies of the vascular system are identified. The data is converted into a three-dimensional image of all brain vessels. The examination also allows the projection of thin sections of individual vessels and nerve trunks.

Positron emission tomography

Patients are prohibited from eating 4-6 hours before. It is recommended to exclude foods containing protein the day before. The procedure involves intravenous administration of a radiopharmaceutical. The scan lasts 30-75 minutes.

How to choose an examination technique?

Ultrasound does not require special conditions for placement of equipment. This is the easiest way to diagnose. The purchase and installation of devices for CT, MRI or PET require considerable costs. In this regard, not all medical institutions can afford to carry out such procedures. For this reason, prices for these types of diagnostics will be high.

However, the popularity of the equipment and the price of diagnostics should not be the determining factors. First of all, you need to follow the recommendations of your doctor. The scope of application of the examination method should also be taken into account:

• PET detects a tumor, including a malignant one, with absolute accuracy, long before its manifestation.
• MRI is most effective in neurosurgery and neurology.
• CT is useful in detecting vascular damage and head injuries.
• From the point of view of the absence of ionization and X-ray radiation, MRI is the safest procedure. However, modern equipment for radiography and ultrasound significantly reduces the risk of gene mutations.

It is important not to forget about contraindications. Thus, PET and CT scans are strictly prohibited for pregnant women. MRI is used for expectant mothers if the potential benefit to the woman is higher than the possible risk to the baby.

Children require special preparation for the procedure. Parents should allegorically explain to their children the need to lie still. The youngest require anesthesia.

Only the attending physician can determine the need for a particular diagnosis. In some cases, different types of scanning may be required at the same time.

Source: https://mrt-v-spb.ru/luchshie-metody-obsledovaniya-golovnogo-mozga/

CT scan of the brain - to confirm the diagnosis or identify the causes of the disease

A CT scan of the brain is prescribed to confirm the diagnosis or to identify the causes of the disease. This procedure is a timely diagnostic method that requires computers and x-ray equipment.

The brain is an important and complex organ, so if you suspect a disease, it is necessary to undergo research immediately.

It is useful for patients to know how a CT scan of the head is performed, as well as how to prepare for this procedure.

What is this

A CT scanner looks like an X-ray machine, but it differs from it in the quality of its photography. A standard x-ray takes a static image, and a CT scan of the brain allows you to view the organ from different angles. The equipment is able to distinguish even those tissues that are similar to each other, and therefore the doctor can obtain more information than with a conventional x-ray.

Head CT is performed for children aged three years and older and for adults. It is extremely important to remain still during the procedure and not move while the test is being performed. This is why infants are not allowed to undergo brain CT scans. In extreme cases, a light anesthesia may be given so that the child falls asleep and does not move during the procedure.

Computed tomography of the head allows you to scan the organ in detail using x-rays. The rays will penetrate the tissue, and with their help it will be possible to see a clear pattern on the film.

The doctor will be able to evaluate the image itself, the rate of penetration of radiation, and the body’s reaction to this intervention. These data will allow us to identify the presence of the disease, as well as see the dynamics of its development.

Some people worry that a CT scan of the brain will harm the body. The procedure itself is safe and the human body will not be damaged. The radiation dose is minimal, so there will be no noticeable harm from it. At the same time, the benefit is high, because the doctor will be able to fully analyze the condition of the head.

Each person can decide for himself whether to undergo a CT scan of the brain or not . Doctors cannot force anyone to undergo this examination. Parents or guardians will decide for children and incapacitated patients.

When is it prescribed?

There are a number of reasons why a CT scan of the brain may be prescribed. As already mentioned, this research is required in order to identify ailments, as well as to discover the factor in their occurrence. Let's consider in what situations it is recommended to do a CT scan of the brain.

Indications:

• Frequent headaches for no apparent reason.

• Dizziness, which often worries a person.
• Weakness in the body that is not associated with obvious reasons.
• Fainting.

• Problems with concentration.
• Disorientation in space and time.
• Dramatic changes in the auditory and visual organs.

• Speech and consciousness disorders.
• Side effects from past illnesses.

For these complaints, the doctor may send you for a CT scan of the brain, because this type of examination helps to determine or show the absence of pathologies. The procedure is also often used for skull injuries, or to check after long-term therapy.

Doctors, having performed a CT scan of the vessels of the brain and neck, will be able to identify neuralgic pathologies, tumors of various types, the production of cerebrospinal fluid, the presence of fractures, vascular disease, hemorrhage and cerebral edema.

Preparation for the procedure

If a person needs to undergo a CT scan of the head, he does not have to worry about negative feelings from the examination. There will be no pain, and no special preparation is even required. You just need to take into account certain recommendations so that the procedure does not cause difficulties.

First of all, for a CT scan of the brain vessels with contrast, you must obtain a referral from your attending physician. You should take with you a medical history and a verdict from previous doctors. If you have previously had a CT scan of the brain, you should have the results with you. If there are any other documents related to the examination, then they should also be brought.

Preparing for a CT scan of the brain requires that a person remove jewelry, all metal objects, existing dentures and hearing aids.

It is also worth wearing comfortable clothes so that it does not cause discomfort during the procedure. Otherwise, a head CT scan does not require any other preparatory manipulations.

How the research is carried out

During a CT scan of the brain, the person will need to lie on their back in a comfortable position. The patient will be placed in the tomographic tunnel using a sliding table. The doctor will leave the room because he will need to observe what is happening from the next room. If you need to communicate with a patient, a special microphone is used for this.

When performing a CT scan of the head, a special ring will rotate around the table, on which many sensors are located. When the equipment is working, a person will not feel anything. He will only hear instrument noises and slight crackling sounds.

In cases where a person cannot lie still, his head is secured with special straps. They will not allow you to make any movements that distort the result of a head CT scan. This option is most often used for children.

A CT scan of the brain displays the results on a screen for a physician to see. After the study, there will be pictures of the desired organ in different projections. Deciphering a CT scan of the brain is possible only by a specialist, because an ordinary person will not understand the photographs.

That is why, before consulting with a specialist, it will not be possible to find out about the presence of pathology.

A CT scan of the brain with contrast is often performed. This substance is based on low dosage iodine. The solution is needed in order to see the structure of the head in more detail, because the contrast can change color.

Often, an examination is performed when it is necessary to find out details about tumors and obtain objective data about them. A CT scan of the brain with contrast is often performed when the patient has cysts or vascular pathologies.

What can you see

A CT scan of the brain helps to obtain various information about the condition of the organ. That is why this examination is carried out if any head pathology is suspected.

It can be used to assess the fine structure of an organ, the level of metabolism, and the quality of blood circulation. CT scan of the brain and neck vessels helps to understand the condition of the veins and large arteries, as well as analyze the performance of areas of the head.

The procedure has many advantages when compared with x-rays. If a CT scan of the brain is done with contrast, then more accurate data can be obtained. It will be possible to detect blood clots, hematomas, tumors, the presence of meningitis and other pathologies. That is why CT scan of the brain is indispensable in many situations where there is suspicion of illness.

Contraindications

You need to understand that a CT scan of the head, although it does not pose a particular health hazard, is still harmful. Therefore, it is impossible to undergo research often.

It is indicated in rare situations when it is important to know exactly the condition of the organ. For example, a CT scan of the brain is necessary when there is a risk of edema.

In such a situation, doctors cannot hesitate and make do with safer diagnostic methods.

If a person feels weakness or any unpleasant symptoms after undergoing the procedure, they should immediately inform a specialist about this..

He will decide whether such a reaction can be considered normal. Naturally, a CT scan of the brain should not be done unless clearly necessary.

If a person is not bothered by unpleasant symptoms, then he should not undergo radiation for the sake of curiosity.

It is worth noting that CT of the head has a small number of contraindications. For this reason, it is common and often prescribed by doctors. A CT scan of the brain cannot be performed only in a number of situations, and there are reasons for this.

Contraindications:

Children under 3 years of age. Sometimes, even older children cannot undergo the procedure if they cannot lie still. Pregnancy period. The presence in the body of foreign objects made of metal or metal-plastic.

Body weight is more than 130 kg.

Source: https://nevrology.net/metody-diagnostiki/kt/golovnogo-mozga-2.html

Computed tomography of the brain

About the method ↑

Computed tomography is an x-ray method followed by computer processing of the results. The study allows you to view all layers of the brain, displaying layer-by-layer images of the examined tissues on the monitor screen.

There are two options for tomography, the first involves a simple scan, and the second involves the introduction of a special contrast agent into the cerebrospinal fluid.

The need to use a contrast agent is determined depending on the presence of the suspected disease. For example, in case of strokes or hemorrhages, additional contrast is not needed; the program can already show the problem in sufficient detail.

A CT scan of the brain can detect pathologies such as:

• tumors;
• cysts;
• strokes;
• cerebral hemorrhages;
• abscesses;
• hydrocephalus;
• brain infections (meningitis, encephalitis);
• concussions, etc.

Indications for use ↑

As a rule, a computed tomography scan is prescribed routinely to confirm a presumptive diagnosis, after undergoing simpler examinations such as ultrasound or radiography. Emergency research is carried out in the following cases:

• head injury;
• suspected cerebral hemorrhage;
• suspicion of rupture of an aneurysm or vessel, artery;
• a sharp manifestation of symptoms reminiscent of the development of a tumor in the brain;
• CT is also used to monitor the results obtained from therapy. For example, after surgery to remove a tumor, to make sure that the tumor was completely removed.

Contraindications for the study ↑

• Tomography is not recommended in the following cases:
• the presence of foreign objects (bullets, fragments) in the skull;
• previous radiation exposure in high doses (in this case, an allergic reaction may occur);
• if the patient cannot remain motionless during the procedure;
• During the first trimester of pregnancy, tomography can only be done without the introduction of a contrast agent, since iodine is its basis and its excess in the body can negatively affect the development of the fetus.

It is prohibited to administer a contrast agent in the presence of the following pathological processes:

• problems with the thyroid gland;
• renal failure;
• severe diabetes mellitus;
• myeloma pathology;
• allergy to iodine.

It should also be taken into account that CT scans have radiation levels 120 times higher than conventional X-rays, which may pose a risk of damaging the cell's DNA structure.

How is the research conducted? ↑

Head tomography does not require any special preparation from the patient. The only thing is that if you are given contrast, then you should not eat or drink for four hours before the start of the study. And also change the principle of nutrition a little in a few days. In two days, remove from the diet:

• fresh fruits;
• legumes;
• carbonated drinks;
• alcohol;
• sausages;
• milk.

Can be used:

• boiled or stewed meat;
• fish;
• hard cheeses;
• fruit juices, but without pulp;
• white bread;
• various broths.

From the history of the discovery ↑

Computed tomography improves every year. The equipment is becoming more sensitive and the results more accurate. Thus, since the use of this research, four generations of tomographs have been released. The first generation devices performed step-by-step scanning in one projection; the processing time for one image layer took about four minutes. The second generation equipment used a fan-type design with several detectors, which made it possible to reduce the information processing time to twenty seconds. The third type was a new step in the development of CT devices; they became spiral, they had more detectors, and the time spent on research was significantly reduced. The fourth generation of devices has more than a thousand sensors, which has reduced the processing time of one layer to one second. The image quality between the third and fourth types has not changed, only the speed and simplicity of the study itself.

• speed of research;
• relatively minimal exposure to x-rays on the patient;
• the ability to scan the organ as a whole, rather than in parts;
• increased information content of the method;
• improved contrast resolution.

But, despite all the advantages, tomography still has a drawback in the form of irradiation of the patient, although the examination time has been reduced to a minimum, the exposure to rays remains.

In any case, for studying the brain, computed tomography remains one of the most informative diagnostic methods, allowing one to identify various pathologies, subsequently undergo examination by specialized specialists and begin timely treatment.

All diseases of the central nervous system are very dangerous and can cause irreversible changes in the structures of the brain and the entire body in the future, so you should not hesitate with diagnostic procedures and neglect the recommendations of doctors.

Remember that health is the most precious thing given by nature and its condition primarily depends on ourselves.

Reading strengthens neural connections:

doctor mozgid.ru

Source: https://mozgid.ru/diagnostika/kompyuternaya-tomografiya-golovnogo-mozga.html

Computed tomography of the brain: pros and cons

Problems in the functioning of the central nervous system organs instantly affect the condition of the entire body. Early detection of such pathologies is often the key to the success of treatment and increases a person’s chances of a favorable outcome of the disease.

For these purposes, various diagnostic methods are actively used. One of the fastest, most informative and accessible is a CT scan of the brain structure. The approach has its own indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages.

Its implementation is possible only with a doctor’s prescription, but does not require specific preparation.

What does a brain CT scan show?

Computed tomography of the brain is a method of studying the structure of an organ using x-rays. These signals are sent from the X-ray tube of the device to the body of the subject at different angles. They are reflected and read by the device’s sensors, which makes it possible to obtain information about the layer-by-layer state of a given area.

Using the approach, you can identify the following pathologies and problems:

• hemorrhages, ischemic tissue damage;
• fractures of the skull bones;
• bleeding, hematomas;
• brain injuries and their consequences;
• cysts, tumors, abscesses;
• infectious lesions of the brain or its membranes;
• aneurysms and anomalies in the structure of the vascular network;
• presence of foreign bodies.

The technique has been used in medicine for more than 40 years and is constantly being improved. It allows you to identify the location and type of problem, determine the area of ​​organ damage, and the stage of development of the disease. CT is used not only to make a diagnosis, but also to assess the quality of treatment.

Who is prescribed a tomographic scan of the head?

Indications for computed tomography of the brain:

• history of traumatic brain injury;
• frequent convulsions in combination with cephalgia, loss of consciousness;
• problems with the symmetry of facial muscles, swallowing, speech;
• any forms and types of impairment of consciousness, including against the background of senile dementia;
• changes in perception of the surrounding world, difficulties with orientation in space;
• suspicion of organic or physiological problems in the functioning of the brain;
• the presence of signs of inflammatory or infectious processes in the skull;
• hydrocephalus;
• headaches for no apparent reason for 2 months or more.

The correct diagnosis based on the results of the study largely depends on the professionalism of the health worker. For this reason, a qualified physician should interpret a CT scan of the brain.

Contraindications

Exposure to X-rays on the body is associated with certain risks, despite the minimal dose of radiation. For this reason, manipulation is carried out only according to indications and provided that the person has no restrictions.

Contraindications to CT scan of blood vessels and brain structure:

• pregnancy, especially the first trimester;
• children's age - manipulation is carried out only in case of emergency;
• acute pain or convulsions - due to the inability to remain still;
• multiple myeloma, endocrine pathologies;
• mental instability, claustrophobia (permissible after preliminary administration of sedatives);
• obesity, due to which the patient cannot be placed in the device tube;
• research with contrast or iodine is prohibited in case of allergies, kidney or liver failure, bronchial asthma, or heart disease.

In some cases, the listed restrictions can be ignored. This is relevant if the risks of conducting diagnostics are lower than the possible consequences of refusing it. The decision is made by the attending physician, taking into account all the patient’s indicators and the characteristics of the situation.

How to prepare for a head scan

A routine CT scan of the head can be performed urgently without any special preparation. It is enough to take the necessary documents, remove metal objects, take out dentures and hearing aids, and change into comfortable clothes.

If you plan to use a contrast agent, then 5 hours before the procedure you must avoid eating and drinking. People with diabetes should, if possible, stop taking medications - this point is further discussed with their doctor.

Also, during a planned session, a blood composition check for creatinine and urea levels is indicated.

CT scanning of the brain is rarely performed on children and pregnant women, but it can be used during lactation. To do this, it is enough for a woman to express breast milk for the baby in advance or temporarily switch it to formula. Already on the third day after the procedure, the young mother can return to feeding.

How is this procedure carried out?

Depending on the type and purpose of the manipulation, the session lasts from 5 to 30-40 minutes. During a CT scan with contrast, some people experience a metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, and headache. Such moments must be reported to the doctor, but most often they are considered to be within the normal range.

Contrast-enhanced tomography

Computed tomography shows high information content, but some diseases are difficult to recognize even with its help. To obtain a more complete picture, contrast is used during CT. Most often, it is an iodine solution that passes through the vessels, fills the desired areas and makes them clearer in the pictures.

The study is prescribed for:

• suspected presence of a tumor in the brain or its membranes;
• high probability of formation of ischemic foci that are not visible in other studies;
• clinical picture characteristic of inflammatory and infectious diseases;
• the need to assess the structure and condition of the brain after therapy.

This approach is particularly useful when diagnosing neoplasms. Malignant tumors accumulate iodine much more actively than benign ones. This allows us to suspect the nature of the conglomerate even before performing a biopsy and other studies.

Another modern method for diagnosing brain pathologies is MRI; more about this procedure can be found here.

Angiography of head and neck vessels

Another most detailed and detailed type of computed tomography. It is used to assess the condition of cerebral vessels. A solution is passed through the patient’s vein, which “colors” the vessels, due to which they clearly appear on video or photographs. Most often, the solution is supplied through the ulnar or subclavian vein, sometimes arteries are used directly.

Vascular tomography with contrast is indicated for:

• suspected aneurysm or malformation of cerebral vessels;
• the need to confirm stenosis of blood channels, assess the degree of narrowing of their lumens and indicators of functionality;
• the presence of blockage of a vessel with a plaque or thrombus, the need to identify the location of the problem.

Also during the procedure, the specialist gets the opportunity to assess the patency of the vessels, the structure of their walls, and the rate of fluid circulation in the area. The manipulation provides information about the anatomical features of the tissues around the vessels being studied, the presence of blood clots or cholesterol plaques.

Interpretation of tomography results

It is difficult for an ordinary person to evaluate the results of a CT scan. A brain tomogram is a layer-by-layer image of the contents of the skull.

While deciphering, the specialist pays attention to the general condition of the organ, skull and blood vessels.

It takes into account the speed of blood flow, looks for neoplasms, traces of hemorrhage or ischemia, foreign objects or signs of fluid accumulation. The diagnostician is able to notice changes in the structure of tissues or nerve fibers.

The patient is normal if it can be seen that:

• the studied structures have normal sizes for age and gender;
• there are no traces of foreign formations and inclusions;
• there are no signs of fluid or blood accumulation;
• The bone tissue is intact, without cracks or displacements.

Specialists in modern medical centers interpret CT results within 1-1.5 hours. Typically, pictures or a three-dimensional image of indicators on a disk can be received immediately, asked to be delivered by courier, or sent to an email address.

Advantages of CT over other research methods

CT is often compared with MRI in terms of information content, safety and relevance. In fact, these approaches complement each other, not replace them. Using computed tomography, you can get a clear picture of the chemical structure of the brain and the state of the skull. MRI is used to evaluate the physical parameters of tissues.

CT is much more informative than head x-ray, because allows you to examine individual areas of the brain. The use of contrast reduces the risk that a problem point will be missed.

The approach is slightly cheaper than MRI, but it also costs a lot (especially when using contrast), and most often you have to go to paid clinics for the service. Usually the manipulation takes only a few minutes, which adds to its advantages. The main negative point is the proven harm of X-ray radiation and the presence of numerous contraindications to the session.

A CT scan of the brain is not a diagnostic option that can be used every year to assess the condition of the organ. It is used only according to indications and in case of impossibility of using other methods.

In a number of situations, it is he who ultimately helps identify the problem, so you should not argue with a doctor who insists on conducting a session.

Thanks to computed tomography, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the therapy with maximum accuracy and ensure that there are positive dynamics from the treatment.



Source: https://insultinform.ru/bolezni/golovnye-boli/kt-golovnogo-mozga

Computed tomography of the brain and head

CT scans of the brain and head can be used to determine the cause of the headache.

X-ray beams from a CT scanner scan the head. With each rotation, the device produces an image of a thin slice of the head and face. Part of the device can tilt to form images from different positions. All these images are grouped and stored in the computer's memory. They can also be printed.

In some cases, a dye called contrast agent is injected into a vein in your arm or into the spinal canal. This dye makes structures and organs more visible on CT images. In this way, blood flow can be monitored and tumors, areas of inflammation or nerve damage can be seen.

Sometimes the results of a CT scan differ from those obtained with other types of X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound because the CT scan produces a different type of image.

Comparing CT scan results with positron emission tomography (PET) scan results can often help detect cancer. Some new CT scanners perform both types of examinations at the same time.

What does it show

A CT scan of the brain is performed for:

• Determining the cause of symptoms such as confusion, paralysis, sensory loss, vision problems, dizziness, or headache, which may be caused by a brain injury, brain tumor, ruptured aneurysm, or intracranial bleeding.
• Detection of problems of the bones of the middle ear and auditory nerve.
• Surgical planning support.
• Determine the consequences of paralysis and support the selection of optimal treatment strategies for paralysis.
• Determining the cause of loss of consciousness or changes in consciousness.
• Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment or surgery for a brain tumor.
• Instrument directions for brain biopsy.

• Detection of eye and optic nerve problems. This examination may detect broken bones around the eyes or a foreign body in the eye.
• Identify problems or diseases of the air spaces in the bones around the nose (sinuses).
• Identify problems of the bones and ligaments of the jaws, face and skull, such as temporomandibular syndrome or Paget's disease.
• Look for broken bones (fractures), such as a broken cheekbone.
• Detection of foreign bodies in the head and face.
• Planning surgery to restore damaged parts of the face.

Sometimes the examination is carried out using special CT devices called spiral (helical) and multi-slice (or multi-detector). They can detect aneurysms or atherosclerosis. Special CT devices can:

• Create better quality images of blood vessels and organs.
• Conduct the examination in a shorter period of time.

Perfusion CT of the brain and head is a method of studying blood flow in the brain. For this test, a dye (contrast agent) is injected intravenously (IV) and then a CT scan is used to track the movement of the dye within the brain. Using this type of CT examination, it is possible to identify damaged areas of the brain with impaired blood circulation.

Preparation

Before the CT examination, tell your doctor that you have:

• Pregnancy. CT scans are not usually performed during pregnancy.
• Allergy to any drug, including iodine dye
• A diseased heart, such as heart failure.
• Diabetes or you are taking metformin (Glucophage) to prevent diabetes. You will need to stop taking this medication for the day before and the day after your test.
• Kidney problems.
• Asthma.
• There was multiple myeloma.
• Very strong nervousness occurs in small spaces. You will have to lie still inside the CT machine, so you may need to take medication (a sedative) to help you relax during the exam.
• Metal objects on the head. Things such as surgical clips, aneurysm clips, or foreign bodies may prevent a clear view of this area of ​​the body.

A CT scan of the brain and head is usually performed by a radiologic technician. The images are interpreted by a radiologist who writes a report.

You may need to remove all jewelry, glasses, and hearing aids. Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing.

During the examination, you will lie on a table connected to a CT scanner. Your head will be secured with straps, but your face will be exposed.

The table slides into the round opening of the tomograph, and the ring of the device begins to rotate around your body. The table will move during the imaging process. You may hear clicking or buzzing noises during this movement. It is very important to lie still during the examination.

You will be alone during the examination. But the technician will be watching you through the window. You will be able to talk to a technician using a two-way intercom.

The examination will take approximately 15-30 minutes. Most of this time will be spent preparing for the examination. The formation of the image itself takes a few seconds.

Feelings during the examination

The examination does not cause pain. You may find the table you are lying on hard or the examination room too cool. It will be difficult to remain still during the examination.

Some patients feel very nervous inside the CT machine.

The administration of contrast may cause a warm, flushing sensation and a metallic taste in your mouth. Some patients experience stomach pain or headaches. Tell your technician or healthcare provider what you feel.

Risks

The likelihood that a CT scan will cause any problems is low.

• An allergic reaction to the dye (contrast agent) is possible.
• If you have diabetes or are taking metformin (Glucophage), taking the dye may cause problems. Your doctor will tell you when to stop taking metformin and when to restart it after the examination so that you do not have such problems.
• There is a small risk of cancer associated with some types of CT scans.1 This risk is higher in children, young adults, and people who have frequent radiation scans. If you are concerned about this risk, discuss the benefits and risks of CT testing with your doctor to see if it is necessary.

• Children who require CT examinations may require special preparation. If the child is too young to remain still or is afraid, the doctor may give the child a sedative to help him or her relax.
• If your child is scheduled for a CT scan, discuss with your child's doctor the need for the test and the risk of radiation exposure for your child.

The results of the examination are usually received by the attending physician in 1-2 days.

Norm:	The size, shape and position of the brain and blood vessels and bones of the skull and face are normal.
There are no foreign bodies or neoplasms.
There is no bleeding or fluid collection.
Deviations from the norm:	There is a new growth, such as a tumor, or bleeding in or around the brain. There are foreign bodies, such as glass or metal fragments. Bones of the skull or face are broken (have fractures) or have an abnormal appearance. Nerves leading to or from the brain are damaged or pinched.
There is a fluid accumulation that may be due to bleeding in or around the brain.
There is an aneurysm.
The openings in the brain (ventricles) through which cerebrospinal fluid passes into the spine are enlarged. There is swelling (edema) or other changes in one area of ​​the brain that can cause paralysis.
The sinuses are filled with fluid or covered with a thickened mucous membrane.

Price

The price for a CT scan of the brain and head depends on the area of ​​study, as well as the location of the clinic where you want to undergo the examination.

Procedure	Price, rub.*
CT scan of the brain and skull	from 3000 to 5000
CT scan of the paranasal sinuses	from 3000 to 5000
CT scan of the temporomandibular joints	from 3000 to 5000
CT scan of the temporal bones	from 3000 to 5000
CT scan of the facial bones of the skull	from 3000 to 5000
CT orbits	from 3000 to 5000

Source: https://kt-pet.info/vidy-kt/kt-golovnogo-mozga-i-golovy.html

How is a CT examination of the brain done, what does a head tomogram show, are there any contraindications?

Computed tomography of the brain allows specialists to assess its functional state and/or identify the disease, regardless of the stage of its development.

• CT is prescribed to detect inflammatory processes, brain tumors, hemorrhages and the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
• In addition, computed tomography is one of the methods for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation for various diseases - the bones of the skull, membranes and structures of the brain, blood vessels and paranasal sinuses are clearly visible in the images.
• A computed tomography scan of the brain may be prescribed by the attending physician (therapist) or a neurologist in the following cases:

• suspected swelling, inflammation, hemorrhage after TBI;
• acute circulatory disorder (stroke);
• abscess and cysts of the brain;
• infectious diseases (encephalitis, meningitis);
• oncopathology (tumors, metastases);
• abnormalities in the development of brain structures and blood vessels;
• pathologies of blood vessels (thrombosis, aneurysm);
• hydrocephalus (“dropsy” of the brain - excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system of the brain);
• convulsions, visual disturbances, dizziness, decreased sensitivity, confusion - neurological symptoms for no apparent reason;
• causeless headaches for 2-3 months or more;
• preoperative examination;
• individual contraindications to MRI (presence of a pacemaker, insulin pump, metal prostheses).

Contraindications to CT scan of the brain

For CT diagnostics, X-ray radiation is used, albeit in a minimal dosage. Therefore, CT scanning is not recommended for pregnant women (risk of developing birth defects in the child).

Note: CT scanning with contrast is not contraindicated for nursing mothers if after the procedure the baby is weaned from the breast for 2 days (the contrast agent enters the secretions of the mammary glands).

Also, contrast-enhanced CT is not advisable for individuals with severe renal impairment. When the drug is excreted in the urine, side effects may develop in the form of intoxication (poisoning).

1. Acute pain syndrome and pathological inability to remain still (hyperkinesis) can become a serious obstacle to the study, since you cannot move during the procedure.
2. Contrast agents should not be administered to people who are allergic to iodine.
3. It is advisable to avoid any kind of radiation, including minimal radiation, for patients with multiple myeloma and those suffering from endocrine pathology.
4. For psychologically unstable individuals, as well as for patients with claustrophobia, CT is either not prescribed at all or is performed in a state of light medicated sleep.
5. And for obese people (weight over 120-130 kg), a CT scan is simply impossible, since their body volumes may exceed the diameter of the diagnostic chamber.

Preparation

There are no special preparation conditions for CT scanning. Only contrast studies are performed strictly on an empty stomach. The patient must take the following documentation with him:

• referral from a doctor;
• outpatient card or extract from it (medical history);
• conclusions of previously performed diagnostic examinations, images with descriptions (not only CT, but also others);
• other medical documents related to this disease.

Methodology

The duration of the procedure ranges from 2-3 minutes to half an hour, depending on the purpose of the study. Before the examination begins, the patient must remove all jewelry and metal objects.

The patient is positioned on a movable couch in the chamber, his head is secured with a special fixing device (it is required to remain completely still). The table with the patient moves inside the tomograph.

During scanning, the outer part of the device will rotate around its axis, and the couch under the subject will move slightly in the horizontal plane.

The tomograph makes a slight noise during operation, which does not cause much discomfort to the patient.

During the procedure, the medical staff is in an adjacent room and observes the process through glass. At the same time, a two-way connection is maintained with the patient: the doctor can inquire about his well-being, and he, in turn, can report any changes in his condition.

When a contrast agent is injected, you may experience a metallic taste in your mouth and a feeling of warmth or cold spreading through your veins. This is a normal reaction of the body to the administration of the drug.

Computed tomography for children

CT scanning can be performed on children from 3 years of age (for emergency indications), if they can lie still for 15-20 minutes. If this is not possible, then the child is given a light anesthesia. Otherwise, the procedure for examining children is no different from adult tomography.

Complications

There are no serious complications after computed tomography, except for allergic reactions to the contrast agent. But this may not happen if the medical staff of the institution collects the history of the patient’s life and illness correctly and as completely as possible.

Brain CT results

Decoding the results and preparing a conclusion takes from 1 to 1.5 hours. Also, many clinics practice sending results to the patient’s email address. The patient is given photographs and/or a CD with a recording of a three-dimensional image with detailed descriptions of them.

The patient is fine if:

• the bones of the skull, the brain and its vessels are of normal size;
• no foreign inclusions, tumors, hematomas, etc. were found;
• no symptoms of bleeding or fluid accumulation;
• the integrity of the bone tissue is not compromised.

Any deviation from the norm is considered a sign of a particular disease. Therefore, with the received conclusion, the patient is immediately sent to the doctor who prescribed the examination.

Alternative methods - MRI

Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is most effective in studying the physical state of the brain, CT studies the chemical structure of tissues. That is, CT allows you to determine their X-ray density, which usually changes with various diseases.

When examining the brain, MRI perfectly visualizes soft tissues, which is important for diffuse and focal lesions of brain structures and pathologies of the spinal cord.

But on an MRI, the bones of the skull are practically not visible - a CT scan of the brain in this regard provides much more information.

Therefore, in some cases, both studies are prescribed simultaneously, as complementary to each other and giving the most complete picture of the disease.

Important! All materials are for reference purposes only and are in no way an alternative to face-to-face consultation with a specialist.

Source: https://healthislife.ru/insult/kak-delayut-kt-obsledovanie-golovnogo-mozga-chto-pokazyvaet-tomogramma-golovy-est-li-protivopokazaniya.html