The mammary glands are a component of the human reproductive system, their main task is feeding offspring. A characteristic feature of a woman’s breasts is hypersensitivity to internal and external changes, against the background of which a large number of diseases develop. One of the most common is mastopathy.
What is focal fibrocystic mastopathy
Focal FCM of the mammary glands is extremely common. It is diagnosed in more than 50% of women around the world. The pathological condition is characterized by the formation of neoplasms of varying density in the breast. As a rule, the location of the node is the upper quadrant of the gland; it is characterized by medium sizes. Sometimes, as a result of the examination, not one, but several foci of the disease are revealed.
The main reason why the disease develops is a hormonal imbalance, as a result of which structural changes begin to occur in the glandular tissues of the breast under the influence of biological substances. The pathology begins to manifest itself with the onset of puberty, during pregnancy or lactation.
Hormonal imbalances in a woman’s body can be caused by the following factors:
- developmental pathologies or diseases of the endocrine system;
- chronic fatigue;
- gynecological diseases;
- stressful situations, prolonged stay in depressive states;
- liver diseases leading to disturbances in the production of globulin;
- hereditary (genetic) predisposition;
- sexual changes;
- pregnancy;
- complicated delivery.
Focal fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland is characterized by a sharp decrease in the level of progesterone in the blood and an increase in estrogen. At the initial stage of development, the disease does not manifest itself in any way; in most cases, the woman does not suspect anything. Next, the first symptoms appear:
- discomfort, pain may appear in the chest due to mechanical impact;
- a feeling of heaviness, a feeling of bursting from the inside.
Typically, women seek advice from a mammologist when the severity of the clinical picture has reached its peak:
- nipple discharge;
- severe pain in the mammary glands;
- On palpation, a compaction is felt.
Most often, the disease is diagnosed in women over 30 years of age. This form of mastopathy is not considered dangerous, but there is still a possibility of the tumor becoming malignant. To prevent the development of cancer, when the first symptoms of mastopathy appear, you need to be examined in a hospital and begin treatment for the disease.
Diagnosis and treatment
To make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor will collect anamnesis, conduct a visual examination and prescribe some instrumental and laboratory examinations. The most informative diagnostic methods:
- blood chemistry;
- fine-needle puncture (biopsy) with the collection of a small amount of biological material from the seal;
- clinical blood test;
- mammography;
- general urine analysis;
- taking samples of pathological exudate in the presence of discharge from the nipples;
- Ultrasound diagnostics of mammary glands.
Based on the results obtained, taking into account the patient’s condition, a verdict will be made and the most optimal therapeutic course in a particular case will be developed.
In the complex treatment of mastopathy, it is necessary to follow a diet
Treatment of focal mastopathy of the mammary gland is predominantly complex. Surgery is indicated if the tumor has reached a large size. During surgery, the tumor and nearby healthy tissue are removed to prevent the possibility of relapse.
In combination with surgery, women are prescribed other treatment methods:
- drug therapy;
- diet;
- hirudotherapy;
- homeopathy;
- folk remedies.
In combination, all of these methods allow you to achieve good results: get rid of mastopathy, normalize hormonal levels and improve the general condition of the body.
Drug therapy
Most often, medications are prescribed when a diffuse form of mastopathy is detected. The focal form of pathology is treated using various pharmacokinetic groups:
- Vitamin and mineral complexes. With food, especially in the period from late autumn to mid-spring, the body receives an insufficient amount of vitamins, minerals, macro- and microelements. They play a big role in normalizing hormonal levels and stimulating metabolic processes.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Accelerate the recovery period, preventing the progression of the disease.
- Hepatoprotectors have a positive effect on the functioning of the digestive system and liver.
- Psychotropic drugs are used to normalize the mental state; it is important to improve the functioning of the central nervous system.
Treatment of mastopathy cannot be done without the use of medications that are made based on components of plant origin. In the focal form of the disease, they are prescribed in the postoperative period for rapid recovery of the body. The main advantages are a minimal list of contraindications and side effects.
Hirudotherapy
Hirudotherapy for mastopathy
The essence of this approach is the use of pharmaceutical leeches. The skin of the mammary glands is extremely thin and sensitive, so the procedure must be carried out by a qualified specialist with experience.
During the procedure, leeches are applied to certain places. The beneficial effect is due to the high content of nutrients in their saliva, which normalize hormonal levels. You cannot limit yourself to this method of treatment, but in combination it will have an effective effect.
Possible complications and consequences
This form of mastopathy has a favorable treatment prognosis. However, with untimely or poor-quality treatment, in 5% of cases mastopathy can develop into a cancerous tumor. This topic is especially relevant for women whose age is approaching menopause. If a woman is still of reproductive age, the likelihood is low.
To prevent the development of serious and life-threatening diseases, you need to regularly conduct self-examination at home and visit a mammologist at least once a year and undergo a comprehensive examination of the body.
Source: https://NogoStop.ru/grud/kak-vylechit-ochagovuyu-mastopatiyu-operaciya-ili-lechenie-narodnymi-sredstvami.html
What is focal mastopathy of the mammary gland: the essence of the pathology, treatment methods and possible consequences
Mastopathy is a collective term that unites breast pathologies that are associated with an imbalance of tissue components.- These are quite common diseases that can be observed in women of different ages, however, most often mastopathy is diagnosed during reproductive age.
- The initial forms of the disease are rarely accompanied by clear clinical signs, and women are in no hurry to see a mammologist.
- Meanwhile, most experts are inclined to believe that the disease can lead to cancer, so timely diagnosis and treatment are mandatory.
The essence of pathology
The disease code according to ICD-10 is 60.1.
Focal mastopathy is a pathology of the mammary gland, which is accompanied by the presence of cystic cavities and nodular formations.
In another way, this form of mastopathy is called fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland. The occurrence of the disease is associated with hormonal imbalance.
Nodules in the mammary gland can be single or multiple, and the disease can affect only one or both mammary glands.
Focal mastopathy is a benign pathology that develops against the background of progesterone deficiency and excess estrogen. At the same time, breast tissue begins to increase in size and thicken.
In addition, if tissue growth occurs around the milk ducts, this leads to pinching and blockage of the duct, resulting in the formation of cysts. As the disease progresses, painless lumps appear in the mammary gland, surrounded by dense tissue structures.
With nodular mastopathy, there is no connection with the menstrual cycles, while with the diffuse form this connection can be traced - in the premenstrual period the mammary gland becomes painful.
Symptoms of the disease
Clinical picture of focal mastopathy :
- The mammary glands swell not only before the onset of menstruation, but remain swollen all the time.
- There is pain throughout the entire mammary gland, which becomes more severe when touched or squeezed.
- Nodules and lumps can be felt in the mammary gland; they can be of different sizes and have different mobility.
In addition, the woman becomes weak, irritable, and gets tired quickly.
Causes
The causes of the pathology may be the following:
- breast injuries;
- inflammation of the ovaries;
- disruptions in the monthly cycle;
- disorders of the adrenal glands and liver;
- bad habits - alcohol and smoking;
- wearing a bra that is too tight;
- lack of iodine in the body;
- passion for strict diets;
- lack of regular sex life;
- long-term use of hormonal drugs;
- genital tract infections;
- abortions;
- hereditary factor;
- stress;
- unfavorable environmental conditions.
Forms of focal mastopathy
Focal mastopathy is divided into the following types:
- fibroadenoma;
- cyst;
- intraductal papilloma;
- leaf-shaped tumor;
- lipoma;
- granuloma;
- angioma;
- hemartroma.
This gradation is based on the predominance of a certain component.
With the progression of the disease, the connective tissue component can transform and transform into fibrocystic, fibrous, glandular or nodular form of mastopathy.
Can it develop into cancer?
- Disputes about the possibility of mastopathy transforming into cancer continue to this day.
- Experts have not yet reached a consensus.
- However, most of them admit this possibility.
Tests and diagnosis
To make an accurate diagnosis, a standard breast examination and palpation is not enough, so the doctor prescribes laboratory and hardware diagnostics to the patient.
Lab tests:
- clinical and biochemical blood test;
- blood test for hormones - estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, in some cases an analysis of adrenal and thyroid hormones is required;
- morning urine analysis;
- smear and cytological examination of nipple discharge;
- if necessary, a fine-needle biopsy is performed and material is collected for histological examination.
Diagnostic methods
As for hardware research methods, the following are most often used:
- Ultrasound;
- mammography;
- ductography.
Drug treatment
Drug treatment of focal mastopathy consists of taking the following medications::
- hormonal drugs;
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
- iodine preparations - if necessary;
- hepatoprotectors;
- sedatives;
- homeopathic and herbal medicines;
- vitamins.
- As for traditional medicine , it is recommended to use them only after consulting a doctor, since not all medicinal herbs can be safely used simultaneously with hormonal drugs .
- It is impossible to cure pathology only with unconventional methods of treatment; medicinal infusions and decoctions can only be used as an auxiliary treatment to the main therapy.
- Hirudotherapy gives good results.
- A woman is also recommended to adhere to a certain diet.
Surgical intervention
- In the case of focal mastopathy, surgical treatment is often used.
- As a rule, this is a sectoral resection of the affected area of the mammary gland.
- As for neoplasms, small tumors can be excised under local anesthesia, and large nodes can be removed under general anesthesia.
- If multiple nodular neoplasms are diagnosed in the mammary gland, which provoke severe pain, and if an oncological process is suspected, doctors recommend radical resection of the gland.
- After a few months, the operated gland can be corrected using mammoplasty.
Possible consequences
- The most dangerous consequence of focal mastopathy is its possible transformation into cancer.
- To prevent such a danger, it is necessary not to self-medicate at the first signs of pathology, but to contact a mammologist, undergo high-quality diagnostics and strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations.
- It must be said that if a woman is in her reproductive period, the risk of developing an oncological process is significantly lower than in women who are entering menopause.
- That is why all premenopausal women should undergo preventive examinations with a mammologist more often, and if neoplasms occur in the mammary gland, without waiting for dangerous consequences, agree to surgical treatment.
Effect on pregnancy
Focal mastopathy is not a contraindication for conception; moreover, the presence of pregnancy and the subsequent lactation period can help a woman completely get rid of the pathology .
However, when planning a pregnancy, two points must be taken into account.
The first is that since the development of mastopathy is often associated with an imbalance of hormones, conception may not occur for the same reason. Therefore, a woman must undergo a comprehensive examination and cure all associated ailments.
Secondly, large neoplasms in the mammary gland during pregnancy may not regress, but, on the contrary, actively grow. Therefore, a woman diagnosed with focal mastopathy during pregnancy should be under special medical supervision.
As for the treatment of focal mastopathy during pregnancy, it is usually not carried out.
But if the situation is critical, then the pathology is removed using the most gentle surgical method possible.
Conclusion and conclusions
In order not to encounter such a disease as focal mastopathy, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- Healthy food;
- lead an active and healthy lifestyle;
- do not delay the birth of the child;
- breastfeed your baby for a long time;
- undergo regular preventive breast examinations.
With timely diagnosis and the correct approach to treatment, the prognosis of the disease is quite favorable..
Source: https://zhenskoe-zdorovye.com/mammologija/mastopatiya/vidy-mas/ochagovaya.html
Focal mastopathy in women: symptoms and signs
Focal mastopathy is a disease caused by a foreign neoplasm of benign origin that affects the glandular tissue of the female breast. It is characterized as a fibrocystic disease. It is characterized by severe pain and uncontrolled growth of breast tissue. Complicated forms of focal mastopathy are additionally manifested by the release of pathogenic exudate. It is considered the most common breast disease in women.
Causes of focal mastopathy
Focal fibrous mastopathy develops under the influence of negative factors that directly affect breast tissue. Based on this, the following reasons for the occurrence of benign neoplasms of this type in glandular tissue are identified:
- traumatic injury to the mammary gland;
- inflammatory processes in the ovaries;
- menstrual irregularities;
- disruptions in the functioning of liver and adrenal tissues;
- alcohol abuse, smoking;
- wearing a tight bra;
- lack of iodine in the body and thyroid disease;
- frequent diets, as a result of which the body does not receive enough vitamins and minerals;
- lack of a stable sex life, which leads to an imbalance of female sex hormones;
- long-term use of hormonal drugs or oral contraceptives based on synthetic hormones;
- infectious diseases of the genitourinary system;
- intentional termination of pregnancy;
- genetic predisposition to foreign tumors in the breast;
- frequent emotional stress, stressful situations;
- living in regions with unfavorable environmental conditions.
Inflammatory processes in the ovaries can cause the appearance of focal mastopathy
These are the main causative factors that act as precursors of focal fibrous mastopathy. At the same time, timely identification of the cause of the disease increases the chances of successful treatment with a minimal likelihood of relapse of the disease.
Who is at risk?
It is worth noting that not every woman has a physiological tendency to develop the inclinations to develop dense cysts of fibrocystic mastopathy. There is a separate category of potential patients of a mammologist. These are women who have the following pathological conditions of the reproductive system:
- girls whose first menstruation began before they reached the age of 11, and the menstrual cycle itself acquired stability in condensed lines;
- mature women who experienced menopause well over 50 years of age;
- women in labor whose first pregnancy was only after 30 years of age and was accompanied by a number of complications;
- refusal of a young mother to breastfeed her child despite the fact that milk continues to be actively produced in the glandular tissue of the breast;
- women leading an immoral lifestyle with promiscuity and abusing bad habits.
About 65% of women who seek medical help from a mammologist with signs of localized focal mastopathy have these risk factors in their lives.
Types of focal formations in mastopathy
Each foreign formation of benign etiology that develops in breast tissue belongs to a specific type. When determining whether a woman has focal mastopathy, the mammologist simultaneously diagnoses the type of benign lump. The following types of focal mastopathy are distinguished:
Fibroadenoma
A foreign neoplasm of the mammary gland, which is formed from one’s own breast tissue. It is characterized by high density and pain. Especially during palpation. A distinctive feature of focal mastopathy fibroadenoma over other tumors is the presence of stromal connective tissue, which forms above the breast parenchyma.
The reasons why young women develop breast fibroadenoma are not completely known. The main peak incidence occurs at the age of 20-30 years.
Most of the patients are women who are in the prime of life and lead a healthy lifestyle.
Breast doctors associate the occurrence of breast fibroadenoma with hormonal imbalance and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system.
Lipoma
A benign neoplasm that forms between the connective tissue of the gland. In some cases, it penetrates deep into the muscle fibers.
During palpation it does not cause pain and is characterized by high mobility. The structure of breast lipoma is adipose tissue.
Therefore, tumors of this kind extremely rarely degenerate into malignant formations. The only exception is liposarcoma.
Lipoma is a benign neoplasm that forms between the connective tissue of the gland
The main causes of breast lipoma in women are metabolic disorders, when fats that enter the body with food are not properly absorbed and are deposited in the mammary gland. Also at risk of developing focal mastopathy of this type are women suffering from excess body weight.
Cyst
Focal fibrocystic mastopathy is a single or simultaneously multiple formation in the ducts of the mammary gland. The cyst is characterized by the presence of a capsule form and liquid contents inside.
It is painful, and when squeezing or palpating the breast, the woman experiences a burning sensation.
Focal cystic mastopathy develops over a long period of time and makes itself felt only after reaching a certain size.
Without proper treatment, this type of breast pathology provokes inflammatory processes in the breast and suppuration of varying degrees of severity. The main causes of focal cystic mastopathy are an imbalance of sex hormones, the use of oral contraceptives, and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system that were not treated in a timely manner.
Avascular formation
A type of focal mastopathy, in which an inflammatory process first occurs in the tissues of the mammary gland. Then some of the cells die and the glandular tissue as a whole decomposes.
In this regard, exudate accumulates inside the breast, which over time becomes denser and forms a single tumor body. Large varieties of avascular mastopathy can change the shape of the breast, give it a rich red or purple color, and retract the nipple.
These types of neoplasms are extremely painful. They can disturb a woman both during palpation of the breast and during periods of physical rest.
Symptoms
The main sign of focal mastopathy, which every woman should pay attention to, is the appearance of single or multiple lumps in the breast. They can be in the form of balls or oblong capsules. In addition, the following symptoms of the pathology are always present:
- chest pain that resembles a burning sensation;
- pathological discharge from the nipple, similar to sanguineous fluid or pus;
- change in the color of the breast from flesh to red or purple;
- local increase in body temperature to 37-38 degrees Celsius;
- swelling of the breasts, which is especially pronounced during the onset of menstruation;
- pain when raising your arm up;
- inflammation of the axillary lymph nodes.
Chest pain resembling a burning sensation is one of the symptoms of focal mastopathy
These are the basic symptoms of focal mastopathy, which enable the mammologist or gynecologist who examines the patient to suspect that she has this particular disease.
Diagnostics
In order to make the most accurate and final diagnosis, it is not enough to conduct an exclusively visual examination of the breast and palpation of the glandular tissue. In addition to this, the doctor prescribes the woman to undergo the following types of examination:
- donation of venous blood for biochemical analysis;
- blood from a finger for clinical research;
- morning urine, which is passed on an empty stomach;
- Ultrasound diagnostics of the breast;
- samples of pathological exudate if nipple discharge is present;
- mammography;
- fine-needle puncture with tissue sampling of foreign tumors in order to exclude the presence of cancer cells inside the breast.
Mammography is one of the methods for diagnosing focal mastopathy
Based on the examination results, the doctor confirms the primary diagnosis and forms a further treatment regimen. If necessary, these types of tests can be prescribed again if there are signs of a change in the patient’s health condition.
Treatment of focal mastopathy
FCM therapy is carried out based on the exact causative factor that provoked the development of benign neoplasms in the breast.
If the cause has not been established or is not completely clear, then the first step in overall treatment is to prevent the tumor from growing and spreading new lumps inside the breast. To do this, the woman is prescribed the drug Orgametril or analogue medications.
The pharmacological property of this medicine is to stabilize the balance of female sex hormones, which play a key role in maintaining the health of breast tissue.
In addition, broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs can be used. Indicated for use if focal mastopathy is caused by inflammation of the appendages or infectious diseases of the genitourinary system.
If these methods of therapy do not bring a positive result, then the doctor may decide to surgically remove the benign tumor.
This method of therapy is indicated in the following cases:
- the presence in the maternal family of women suffering from severe forms of focal mastopathy;
- suspicion of a cancerous formation that is just beginning to form into a full-fledged tumor body;
- abnormally rapid growth of fibroadenoma.
In order to avoid systemic treatment of focal mastopathy, you should monitor the health of your breasts and seek medical help from a mammologist or gynecologist in the first days after discovering lumps in your mammary gland.
Prevention
In order to minimize the risk of developing focal mastopathy in women, it is recommended to take simple preventive measures consisting of the following:
- breastfeeding a newborn;
- refusal of hormonal contraceptives;
- birth of the first child before the age of 30;
- timely treatment of gynecological diseases of infectious, inflammatory, hormonal etiology;
- regular breast self-examination;
- maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular intimate relationships with one sexual partner.
In addition, a woman should undergo a preventive examination at least once a year by a mammologist or gynecologist. Even if there are no complaints regarding the health of the breast and the general health is satisfactory.
Source: https://MamaZdorova.ru/ochagovaya-mastopatiya-01/
What is focal mastopathy of the mammary gland: symptoms and methods of treating fibroadenomatosis
Mastopathy in women of reproductive age occupies a leading position. And there are quite a few reasons for its appearance.
But the main thing is hormonal imbalance, which leads to pathological changes in the mammary glands. Doctors divide the disease into types, among which are focal mastopathy.
Focal fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland, or focal mastopathy, is a disease of the mammary glands, which is characterized by the formation of cysts and nodes. The disease occurs in most cases as a result of hormonal imbalance in the body and is a benign disease.
Untimely treatment of focal mastopathy of the mammary gland can cause cancer in the future, so early detection of mastopathy using diagnostic equipment is of great importance.
After making an accurate diagnosis, the doctor prescribes appropriate treatment for patients to eliminate the causes of mastopathy.
Lumps in the chest in the form of nodules can be single or multiple. The disease may affect one or both breasts.
There are several forms of focal mastopathy, which are expressed in the presence:
- Intraductal papillomas.
- Leaf-shaped tumors.
- Fibroaden.
- Lipom.
- Cyst.
- Lipogranel.
- Angiom.
- Hamart.
Focal mastopathy can be simple and proliferative, which can turn into a precancerous form.
In most cases, this type of disease affects women aged 35 to 45 years. Its manifestation is associated with the menstrual cycle, during which hormonal releases of estrogen and progesterone occur.
These hormones cause changes in the mammary gland, provoking the appearance of mastopathy. If an imbalance occurs in the production of these hormones (their decrease or increase), pathological processes begin in the mammary glands.
Prolactin also contributes to the development of the disease if there is an excess of it in the body.
Women who are at risk are:
- Have problems with the functioning of the nervous system.
- Those who are subject to constant stress.
- If a woman has had frequent abortions.
- For gynecological diseases.
- For metabolic disorders.
- With early menstruation and late menopause.
- If a woman takes hormonal medications regularly.
- In the absence or short breastfeeding.
- During pregnancy after 30 years.
- For gland injuries.
- With genetic predisposition.
Symptoms
The following symptoms are characteristic of focal mastopathy::
- The presence of lumps in the breast that have clear contours and do not connect to the skin or nipple. They are easy to detect by self-examination only while standing or sitting.
- In breasts with lumps, severe pain may occur, which is especially pronounced before menstruation. Even minor touches to the breast can cause discomfort.
- Swelling of the breasts, especially a few days before menstruation. Due to swelling, pain may appear not only in the mammary gland, but also in the area of the shoulder blade and shoulder.
- When pressing on the nipples, discharge may come out in the form of clear, yellowish or bloody fluids.
If bloody discharge is detected, a woman should contact a gynecologist or mammologist.
Diagnostics
- PalpationFirst of all, if a lump is detected in the breast, a woman should contact a mammologist or gynecologist.
The doctor will palpate the mammary glands to find out the number of nodules and what surface the lumps have: smooth, granular or lobulated. When pressing on the nodes, you can feel a ripple, which indicates a fluid formation.
If there is pathology inside the ducts, fluid may be released from the nipples.
If the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor refers the patient for a more detailed examination.
- MammographyWith this type of research, using X-rays, you can accurately determine whether there are cysts or fibrous cords in the gland. You can also determine the size of the seals, in what area they are localized, and whether the structure of the gland has changed.
Using this research method, you can accurately determine the size and shape of the nodules.
- Pneumocystography allows you to identify the presence of cysts, determine the completeness of formations, and detect tumors. This method allows you to take a piece of diseased tissue for analysis in order to determine, using a cytological examination, whether there are cancerous tumors.
- Ductography During the examination, contrasting of the ducts is carried out in order, in case of suspicion, to determine their deformation, whether there are cystic cavities and salt deposits, what are the intraductal changes.
- Ultrasound Using ultrasound, the doctor determines the location of the nodes, their number, size and structure.
If there is a suspicion of a cancerous tumor, it is advisable to perform a biopsy with further cytological examination of the tissue.
To find out the cause of the formation of focal mastopathy, a woman also undergoes a hormone test, she undergoes a pelvic ultrasound and an ultrasound of the thyroid gland. If fibroma is detected, consultation with an oncologist is necessary.
Possible complications
Focal mastopathy has a favorable treatment prognosis and in most cases does not lead to the formation of cancerous tumors. But in 5% of cases, if treatment is not timely and with an advanced form of the disease, nodes and seals can progress to the cancerous stage.
This is especially true for those women who are close to menopause. According to statistics, 75% of women in this category are at risk.
If a woman is still of reproductive age, the risk of tumors degenerating into cancerous tumors is much lower.
No one is immune from the risk that benign formations will develop into cancerous ones. Therefore, it is important not only to carry out timely treatment, but also preventive measures.
It is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, avoid abortions, breast injuries and regularly visit a gynecologist for examination of the mammary glands. Breast examination is carried out from the 2nd week of the menstrual cycle.
Conservative treatment for this type of mastopathy can be used as an additional treatment. This is the prescription of anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal drugs and those medications that will eliminate the cause of the appearance of nodes.
The main method of treating focal mastopathy is surgery, regardless of how many nodes are in the mammary glands and what their volume is.
The surgeon performs a resection of the area of the gland where there is a cluster of nodes. If the nodes are large, they are excised. The operation is performed in a hospital under local anesthesia.
- If there is a cyst, then puncture removal is performed, followed by sclerosis. If relapses occur after this method, enucleation of the cyst is indicated.
- If a fibroadenoma is detected, a sectoral resection is performed, i.e. removal of not only the node, but also the adjacent part of the gland tissue. This procedure is carried out in case of controversial issues regarding the benignity of formations, as well as if the nodes regularly increase in size.
- If there are many cysts or nodes, radical resection of the gland is indicated.
- Also, if there are many nodes and suspected cancer, a subcutaneous mastectomy is performed followed by mammoplasty.
Focal mastopathy is an insidious disease. And in order to avoid complications and not start the disease, a woman should visit a gynecologist or mammologist once a year, and also learn how to independently examine the mammary glands.
It is important to listen to any symptoms and promptly consult a doctor if mastopathy is suspected.
You can find more information on this topic in the Varieties section.
Source: https://nesekret.net/mastopatiya/raznovidnosti/ochagovaya
Focal mastopathy: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
According to WHO, benign mammary dysplasia affects more than half of the world's women. The disease itself is diverse in clinical, morphological and etiological characteristics and in many women it proceeds almost undetectably.
Process classification data
Since the symptoms of benign pathology of the mammary glands are different, in order to carry out complex and complete treatment, doctors had to classify them. After lengthy discussions, four main types of the disease were identified:
- Diffuse mastopathy;
- Nodular mastopathy;
- Benign tumors and tumor-like processes;
- Special forms of mastopathy, which include leaf-shaped tumor.
It is the continuation of diffuse mastopathy that focal or nodular mastopathy refers to.
Etiology of focal changes in the mammary gland
Diffuse mastopathy itself is usually manifested by the presence of dysplasia in the tissues of two mammary glands at once, which actively responds to changes in the hormonal balance in a woman’s body during the premenstrual and postmenstrual periods. The main symptoms of this pathology, of which focal mastopathy is considered to be an integral part, are:
- Mastalgia or pain in the mammary glands, worsening during menstruation;
- The presence of areas of tissue compaction in both mammary glands at the same time;
- Discharge from the nipples is pathological, not related to lactation.
The combination of these symptoms depends on the type and stage of mastopathy, but at least one of the components must be present.
Focal or nodular mastopathy usually occurs in women of the early premenopausal period against the background of various diffuse changes in the mammary glands and is considered by experts as a continuation of diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy.
The etiology of the process is interesting. Although the menstrual cycle in these patients does not experience changes, it is characterized by a duration of more than 35 days, with an increase in the menstrual period to 10 days.
Of course, this leads to anemia and a drop in hemoglobin levels in the blood.
It is possible that the cycle duration may increase to 6-7 weeks, followed by heavy bleeding, which often requires the intervention of a gynecologist and appropriate therapy.
The morphological picture of focal mastopathy, due to the presence of diffuse changes in the tissues of the mammary gland, is quite diverse and mixed. There is a process of rapid growth of hyperplasia of the glandular lobules itself, the formation of one or several cysts in the body of the mammary gland of different sizes, and the appearance of areas of fibrosis.
All these changes in the structure of the breast tissue are much more pronounced than with diffuse mastopathy. If, upon examination, altered epithelium is found in the formed nodes, then in 90% of cases this indicates the development of a cancerous process in the female mammary gland.
Clinical picture
To diagnose focal mastopathy, mammography is performed
Focal mastopathy is not an independent pathological process, but only a stage in the development of diffuse mastopathy.
Therefore, the clinic is a continuation of the development of mammary gland dysplasia, which in focal mastopathy is characterized by the appearance of areas of compaction of the most varied shapes, with clear edges, hard to the touch.
One or both mammary glands are affected; the dislocation of the formations is usually the upper quadrant of the mammary gland.
These nodes do not cause such pain as with diffuse mastopathy; their surface can be either smooth or granular. The presence of a granular or lobulated surface of the neoplasm in 70% of cases indicates the presence of cysts of various sizes.
To correctly diagnose focal mastopathy, palpation of the mammary glands must be carried out while standing, since in the lying position the nodes usually lose their shape and seem to blur.
Since the mammary gland at this moment is already affected by diffuse changes, it is often not possible to identify newly formed nodes.
In this case, there is a negative Koenig sign and the absence of various skin symptoms.
In the presence of a focal form of mastopathy, there is practically no connection between the pathological process and the woman’s menstrual cycle, which indicates the depth of the disease, since the rise and fall of the level of female hormones in the patient’s blood is no longer a determining factor.
Mammography is widely used to diagnose this pathology. The X-ray picture of focal mastopathy is characterized by the presence of one or several areas of compaction without clear contours against the background of pronounced diffuse changes. However, there is practically no change in the structure of the breast tissue.
It is important to distinguish nodular or focal mastopathy from a cancer process in time. In the first case, the tissue structure of the node is usually characterized by a heterogeneous structure, in contrast to a malignant tumor.
To obtain more reliable results, mammography is repeated before and after menstruation in a sick woman.
And if the shape and structure of the tumors remain the same during repeated images, it is necessary to sound the alarm and immediately seek advice from an oncologist.
We recommend reading the article about diffuse changes in the glandular component of the mammary gland. Why glandular mastopathy develops, how to prevent the development of the process, how this disease is diagnosed and treated, you can learn more in this article.
Treatment of focal mastopathy
Treatment of focal or nodular mastopathy is only surgical. Under appropriate anesthesia, sectoral resection of the mammary gland is performed using cytological and histological examination techniques on the operating table.
The operation is usually prescribed to eliminate as much as possible the possibility of malignancy in the mammary gland.
Since there are no clear diagnostic methods to differentiate benign focal mastopathy from breast cancer, oncologists have to confront women with this choice.
At the same time, patients are explained about the need to remove the area of compaction down to healthy tissue.
Additional drug treatment
To completely defeat the disease, the woman is given all the necessary drug therapy intended for diffuse mastopathy. These include:
- To normalize the patient's metabolism and hormonal levels, complex vitamin therapy is indicated. Vitamins A, C, E and B are especially important;
- An important role in the treatment of diffuse mastopathy is played by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, indomethacin) and potassium iodide;
- Hepatoprotectors are responsible for stabilizing metabolic processes and normalizing the activity of the gastrointestinal tract;
- Any pathology of the mammary gland is a great stress for a woman, so the use of psychotropic drugs cannot be avoided. They mainly use daytime tranquilizers that do not cause sleepiness.
And finally, we must not forget about herbal medicines in the treatment of focal mastopathy. Created on the basis of natural products and plants, they are widely used in the practice of mammologists. Mastodion, Klamin, Klimadion and other drugs have recently become a reliable aid in postoperative and restorative therapy for focal mastopathy.
Focal or nodular mastopathy is a formidable disease that requires long-term and complex treatment and can bring a lot of negative emotions to any woman.
But if you seek help from a specialist in a timely manner, recovery will come sooner and with minimal material and moral losses.
Source: http://GrudInfo.ru/ochagovaya-mastopatiya-molochnoj-zhelezy/
6.2. Diffuse and focal mastopathy - etiology, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment
Fibrocystic
mastopathy is a complex of processes characterized by
a wide variety of proliferative
and regressive changes in breast tissue
with an abnormal ratio
of epithelial and connective tissue
components.
In the mammary gland there may be changes of a fibrous, cystic
and proliferative nature.
- Classification
of mastopathy: - a) microscopically:
proliferative and non-proliferative - b) macroscopically:
fibrous, cystic, fibrocystic - c) clinically:
diffuse, nodular (focal), mixed.
Etiology:
multifactorial
disease ,
which is based on a violation of
the ratio of the concentrations of estradiol
and progesterone in the breast tissue
(i.e., mastopathy is caused by factors
leading to hyperestrogenemia or
hyperprolactinemia or hyperprogesteronemia).
– growth and proliferation of ductal epithelium
– obstruction – cysts.
The main causes
of hormonal dysfunction:
reproductive dysfunction;
psycho-emotional disorders (80%);
gynecological diseases;
adenoma , adrenal insufficiency,
thyroid dysfunction;
dysfunction ;
impaired immune control; chronic intoxication, etc.
- Mastopathy Clinic:
- 1. pain
of a cyclical or acyclic nature
(usually more pronounced in the first
phase of the menstrual cycle) - 2. thickening
of breast tissue (diffuse or
local)
3. discharge
from the nipples when pressed - with
mastopathy it is never sanguineous
or bloody!
Diagnosis
of mastopathy:
see diagnostic methods for breast cancer
.
- Treatment of mastopathy:
- 1) conservative
treatment
(must be curative) - indicated for
non-proliferating mastopathy: - — clarification
of etiological factors and treatment
of the underlying disease - — a complex of vitamins
A, E, C, B1, B6 (Vit. A is not allowed during
the menstrual cycle) - – treatment of
premenstrual tension (diuretics,
NSAIDs) - — hepatoprotectors
(essentiale) - — adaptogens,
sedatives - — herbal medicines
(mastodinone, cyclodinone) - — hormonal
therapy: thyroid hormones, antiestrogens,
progestins, combination drugs. - 2) surgical
treatment -
sectoral resection of the mammary gland
with urgent histological examination
+ after mandatory conservative
treatment - indicated in the following cases: - - nodular form
of mastopathy - - cysts more than 3 cm
in diameter - - presence
of hemorrhagic contents in cysts - - pronounced and
atypical proliferation in punctate
6.3. Benign breast tumors - Fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors. Clinic, diagnosis and treatment
Fibroadenoma
is a benign tumor, growth
and proliferation of epithelial and
non-epithelial (fibrous) tissue.
They contain receptors for estrogen and
progesterone, so they increase
during pregnancy and lactation and
decrease after menopause.
Age 20-40 years.
- The risk of developing cancer
in women with fibroadenomas is no higher than
in the general population. - Diagnostics:
- - medical history
(most often develops at a young
age) - — palpation of the mammary
glands: a clear, round, non-displaceable,
painless, soft-elastic
formation, most often localized
in the upper-outer quadrant;
usually fibroadenomas are single, multiple
only in 10-15% - — Ultrasound of the mammary glands
- - mammography:
limited, round, oval,
lobular, may contain inclusions - Variants of
fibroadenomas: - a) giant > 5
cm - b) juvenile -
found in teenage girls:
rapidly growing tumors with significant
breast asymmetry, requiring surgical
treatment. - Treatment of fibroadenomas:
- – regular
doctor’s observation and biopsy - — removal (enucleation)
or sectoral resection
Phylloid
(leaf-shaped) tumors are characterized by more active
proliferation and have the appearance of a leaf on a section
.
Size 5-20 cm, grows quickly, can be either benign (more often)
or malignant, in 20% of cases
it recurs.
It is rare, the average age of patients is 40-50 years.
Treatment:
surgical (sectoral resection,
mastectomy).
Intraductal
papilloma :
most often in the subareolar zone.
The main symptom is spontaneous discharge of serous
ichor fluid or blood from
the nipples.
May become malignant. Requires surgical treatment - sectoral
resection of the breast.
Source: https://studfile.net/preview/6010405/page:15/
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