Symptoms of a cyst in the ovary and the main methods of treating pathology

An ovarian cyst is a benign tumor formation. At its core, it is a cavity in which there is liquid.

The growth of the cyst occurs due to the accumulation of secretions in it.

Such formations most often do not manifest themselves for a long time, but are prone to complications.

The danger for women is precisely the complications, which in severe cases can even lead to death.

The essence of pathology

• The term "cyst" is translated from Greek as "bubble".
• These tumors can form in different organs of the human body, including the ovaries.
• Such formations are usually diagnosed in women of childbearing age, and if the menstrual cycle is disrupted, the risk of developing a cyst increases.

During menopause, cysts rarely form, however, this phenomenon can also occur .

As for sizes, they vary from a few mm to a couple of tens of cm in diameter.

Types of disease

According to the content and nature of formation, ovarian cysts are divided as follows::

Luteal and follicular cystic formations are functional cysts. They are formed directly from the tissue of the organ, and are associated with all the cyclic phenomena that occur in it.

A corpus luteum cyst is formed in the absence of regression of the corpus luteum, and a follicular cyst is formed in the absence of rupture of the follicle. The causes of the formation of these tumors are hormonal imbalances.

Functional cysts do not always need to be treated. In some cases, they resolve on their own.

Dermoid cysts are congenital neoplasms that begin during embryonic development. These neoplasms can contain all kinds of tissue inclusions, including cartilage tissue, hair, and teeth.

A paraovarian cyst is formed from the supraovarian appendages. In this case, the ovaries themselves are not involved in the pathological process. These formations can be very large.

Endometrial cysts are formed from particles of the endometrium . They contain menstrual blood that has not been removed from the body. Often these neoplasms occur against the background of endometriosis and other pathologies of the uterus.

Mucious cysts are most often multilocular. Their contents are thick mucus, which is produced by the mucous membranes of the neoplasm.

Mucious and endometrioid cysts are more likely than others to transform into malignant formations.

Is treatment possible without surgery?

In order to treat cystic formations conservatively, the following conditions are necessary :

1. Age. If a cyst is diagnosed in a woman under 40 years of age, it can be treated conservatively; after 40 years, a woman’s hormonal system undergoes changes, and the reproductive organs prepare for menopause. At this age, any neoplasm can transform into malignant, so it is better to remove the cyst.
2. The cyst does not pose a threat to the patient's life. If the cystic formation contains blood or pus, treating it with conservative methods is not advisable and dangerous.
3. Education size. Large cysts cannot be treated with medication, and they can burst at any time and lead to infection. Large tumors put pressure on other abdominal organs and impair their functionality.
4. There is no risk of cancer. To make sure of this, it is necessary to undergo a thorough diagnosis and exclude the possibility of transformation of education.
5. Does not lead to infertility.

1. It is important that during drug treatment the tumor decreases in size; if tumor growth continues, conservative therapy is canceled and surgical treatment is prescribed .
2. Some cystic formations cannot be treated with drugs, and the doctor immediately warns the patient about this.
3. It is useless to treat such cysts with medication.:

• paraovarian;
• mucinous;
• dermoid;
• cystadenoma.

Some cysts can be eliminated without the help of medications or surgery. However, this cannot be relied upon in all cases of cystic formations. Unfortunately, doctors do not know why the cyst resolves on its own. But you can often observe how, within several menstrual cycles, not a trace remains of the formation.

Women whose cysts resolve without treatment usually do not experience any symptoms, but in some cases they complain of nagging pain.

It is very important to monitor the process of elimination of the formation and come for preventive examinations after the complete disappearance of the tumor in order to prevent possible relapses of the pathology.

Can a cyst resolve on its own?

Spontaneous resorption of cysts is not excluded, but most often this phenomenon is observed in the case of the formation of a neoplasm due to ovarian dysfunction.

• As soon as the functioning of the organs is normalized and stabilized, the cystic formation may regress.
• Doctors identify only one type of cyst, which is prone to disappearing on its own - functional ones.
• This type of cystic formation includes:

• corpus luteum cyst;
• follicular cyst.

Quite often these cysts resolve while waiting for the baby.

Diagnostic measures

There is the following scheme that doctors follow to make a diagnosis::

• taking anamnesis;
• examination in a gynecological chair;
• blood test for hormones and tumor markers;
• pregnancy test;
• Ultrasound;
• Doppler color mapping;
• CT;
• laparoscopy.

Ultrasound is considered very informative and the most commonly used method of hardware diagnostics.

It can be performed transabdominally or transvaginally.

When should I delete it?

There are special indications for removing a cystic neoplasm:

• there is a risk of developing cancer;
• the cyst does not decrease in size after three months of treatment with conservative methods;
• the formation was formed during the premenopausal and menopausal periods;
• there is hemorrhage in the formation;
• cyst rupture;
• the stem of the formation is twisted;
• purulent processes begin in the cavity.

Emergency surgical intervention is required if the pedicle is torsed or the cyst cavity ruptures.

In the first case, the outflow of blood from the neoplasm becomes difficult due to compression of the vessels. Swelling occurs, which causes pain in the lower abdomen.

1. If the pedicle of the cyst is completely twisted, necrotic processes begin in the formation, which can lead to peritonitis with all the ensuing consequences.
2. Rupture of a cyst without urgent intervention also ends in peritonitis.
3. As a result of the rupture, the contents of the formation spill into the abdominal cavity and very quickly lead to infection.

Basic treatment methods

• We must not forget that the main success of non-surgical cyst treatment is a healthy lifestyle.
• We are talking not only about giving up nicotine and alcohol, but also about reducing physical and psychological stress.
• It happens that a woman needs to rest more and be less nervous for the cyst to begin to regress, and then the need for surgical intervention disappears by itself.
• Conservative treatment includes:

• taking medications prescribed by a doctor;
• complete rest;
• vitamin therapy;
• proper nutrition;
• physiotherapy;
• hirudotherapy;
• traditional medicine.

The best effect can be achieved with an integrated approach to treatment.

What contraindications exist for ovarian cysts, read here.

Medications

Oral contraceptives are most often prescribed:

• Janine;
• Regulon;
• Marvelon;
• Diana-35;
• Logest;
• Claira.

1. Treatment with these drugs should be carried out according to a schedule; the drugs should be taken every day and at approximately the same time.
2. Progestins can also be prescribed, which are aimed at blocking the pituitary gland and replacing the natural hormone with artificial ones.
3. It can be:

• Dinazole;
• Duphaston;
• Mastadion;
• Danol;
• Cyclodinone;
• Norkolut.

• If microbial flora joins the pathological process, taking hormonal drugs alone will not be enough, so Terzhinan is prescribed.
• This is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is actively used to treat diseases of the reproductive system.
• If the functionality of the urinary system is impaired, diuretics are prescribed, for example, Vershpiron.
• Since the cyst can become inflamed , anti-inflammatory therapy is also very important, so the following are prescribed :

• Dystreptase;
• Wobenzym;
• Metronidazole;
• Indomethacin and others.

To make treatment more effective, medications are prescribed that help improve immunity, for example, Folic acid, vitamin E, ascorbic acid.

For pain, Diclofenac, No-shpa, Diclovit and others are prescribed.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies can only be used after consultation with a doctor.

The following recipes have positive reviews:

1. 1 tablespoon of boron uterus is poured with a glass of boiling water and kept in a water bath for about 20 minutes. Take a tablespoon 5 times a day. The treatment regimen is 24 days of taking the drug, a break of 4 days. The course of treatment is six months.
2. Elecampane. You need to take the crushed root in an amount of 100 grams, add 3 liters of water, add a tablespoon of yeast and the same amount of honey. Infuse under a closed lid for 2 weeks. Then drink half a glass 3 times a day.
3. Honey. This product is used to prepare tampons. Apply a little natural honey to a sterile bandage and tie it with clean thread, leaving the ends long to make it easy to remove the tampon. You need to insert the tampon as deeply as possible and make sure that the honey does not leak out. It is better to leave it in the vagina overnight.
4. Celandine. You will need the same amount of plant juice and prepared propolis tincture. Mix thoroughly and take a teaspoon on an empty stomach.
5. Burdock. Fresh leaves of asthenia are crushed in a meat grinder, the juice is squeezed out, which is taken in a teaspoon 3 times a day.
6. Golden mustache. 30 shoots of the plant are crushed and filled with a bottle of vodka. Leave in the dark for 2 weeks, then filter and drink the first 10 drops 2 times a day. You can dilute the product in 30 ml of water. Every day you need to increase the amount of product by 1 drop. When 35 drops are drunk at one time, it is necessary to reduce the dosage daily by 1 drop per day until there are 10 drops again. After this, a break is taken for 10 days, and the course of treatment is repeated.

It is also recommended to use:

• peony tincture;
• linseed oil;
• infusion of white acacia;
• wormwood and other medicinal plants that help relieve inflammatory processes and have an antitumor effect.

Physiotherapy for illness

In order to enhance the effect of medications, physiotherapeutic treatment is prescribed, it is carried out in the following ways:

• SMT therapy;
• electrophoresis;
• ultraphonoresis.

These procedures allow:

• normalize the functionality of the ovaries;
• stop inflammatory processes;
• improve the condition of nerve endings;
• prevent the formation of adhesions;
• reduce the likelihood of relapse;
• improves blood circulation and metabolic processes;
• eliminate pain.

about the treatment of ovarian cysts with the Almag apparatus.

Are dietary supplements and homeopathy effective?

It is impossible to answer this question unequivocally. The effectiveness of homeopathic remedies depends on the type of cystic formation and the nature of the disease.

For example, Apis is prescribed for cystic formation during pregnancy, Berberis is indicated for pain, AurumIod is recommended for women who, in addition to the cyst, have uterine fibroids, and so on.

There is still debate about the benefits of homeopathic remedies, but some patients respond positively to such cyst therapy . Most likely, this is an individual question.

As for dietary supplements, they can also be an additional help in the treatment of cysts - these can be boron uterus extracts, indole-3-carbinol, folic acid.

Of course, it is most often impossible to get rid of pathology only with homeopathic remedies or dietary supplements, but these remedies still have a positive effect in the treatment complex.

Disease prevention

To reduce the possible risk of cyst formation, you must adhere to the following preventive measures:

• take hormonal drugs only on the recommendation of a doctor;
• promptly treat ailments of the pelvic organs and prevent infections;
• avoid severe stress;
• Healthy food;
• do not overexert yourself physically;
• remove all bad habits;
• do not work in harmful conditions.

Reviews from women

Conclusion and conclusions

1. Treatment of cysts without surgery is possible, but not in all cases.
2. It is impossible to independently assess the situation; mandatory diagnostics and consultation with a competent gynecologist are necessary..
3. Only a doctor can prescribe medications or advise surgical removal of the cyst.

Source: https://zhenskoe-zdorovye.com/ginekologija/bolezni-yaichnikov/kista-ya/lechenie-kis-ya/bez-operatsii-i-vmeshatelstv.html

Ovarian cyst: causes, symptoms, treatment

Types of ovarian cysts and their sizes

An ovarian cyst is a benign neoplasm, classified as a tumor-like process. Pathology is more often detected in young women, in contrast to mature women over the age of 50 years. The classification of such tumors is based on the nature of the secretory fluid.

Follicular cyst

Every third diagnosed pathology in women is represented by this particular type of formation. It occurs in girls and women of reproductive age, on average, from 15 to 47 years.

The cause of the development of a follicular cyst is changes in hormonal levels or inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages.

A neoplasm of this type is considered to be a tumor that could form against the background of a pathological impairment of the functionality of the ovaries.

It develops at the site of the follicle and is represented by a cavity with a diameter of 2.4 to 11 cm with fairly thin walls.

Normally, the process of follicle maturation occurs as follows: at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, several follicles are formed, one of which develops rapidly, and the mature egg leaves it, while others become atretic (decreased in volume).

A hormonal imbalance that interferes with this process causes the development of a neoplasm - the growth of the follicle continues, promoting the accumulation of fluid inside and subsequent degeneration into a cyst.

It has been proven by practice that such a neoplasm can spontaneously disappear after 2-3 months. Most often, it does not show itself in any way and is accidentally diagnosed at an appointment with a gynecologist.

If there is a neoplasm with a diameter not exceeding 7 cm, outpatient monitoring of the patient is indicated for 3 to 4 months.

During this time, it is necessary to diagnose tumor growth indicators 3 times using ultrasound.

Corpus luteum cyst

This formation is considered the most rare in gynecological practice. It is represented by a cavity with thick walls and filled with a light secretion, sometimes mixed with blood. The diameter of the neoplasm of the corpus luteum can reach up to 7.5 - 8 cm, is common among the fair sex from 15 to 50 years old and can form during pregnancy.

Normally, after ovulation, a corpus luteum, the so-called luteal phase, should form in the uterine cavity. Diseases of inflammatory origin or endocrine pathologies can make adjustments to this process and then the result will be a cystic tumor.

Along with the follicular one, the corpus luteum cyst can also be eliminated after 2 - 4 months. Women with this disease report delayed menstruation, heavy uterine bleeding and symptoms similar to pregnancy.

Treatment traditionally begins with the use of hormonal agents and monitoring the growth of the tumor for 2 - 3.5 months.

Dermoid teratoma of the ovary

The clinical picture of the occurrence of such a tumor is distinguished by the small size of the tumor (about 3 - 5.5 cm) and the development of pain in one of the ovaries. The walls of the cystic bladder are elastic, despite their high density.

Against the background of a surge of certain hormones, a bubble consisting of connective tissue forms on the ovary. It can be detected in teenage girls, mature women during menopause and in expectant mothers.

A cyst-like formation on the dermoid type ovary does not go away on its own and requires surgical correction. In the absence of this, the teratoma can increase in volume to 11-12 cm and become malignant.

These ovarian formations are characterized by jelly-like contents, and during surgery, the rudiments of cartilage, hair follicles, and even teeth can be found in the cavity. Interestingly, the cavity of this tumor secretes sebaceous glands and contains a fatty layer.

In the vast majority of clinical cases, dermoid teratoma is benign, however, the smaller its size, the easier it is to get rid of it. In this case, the diameter of the tumor does not play any role - the patient is immediately prepared for surgery. The contents of the neoplasm are examined using cytological and histological methods.

Paraovarian ovarian cyst

Paraovarian cystic neoplasm is localized between the body of the uterus and the gland. The cyst is formed during the intrauterine development of a female fetus, and over the course of life it grows to a certain size. The bubble has a small diameter, so a woman may not be aware of the presence of a tumor in her body due to the absence of clear symptoms.

This type of formation never degenerates into oncology, but also does not have a tendency to self-resorb. Stimulators of tumor growth are frequent psycho-emotional outbursts, inflammatory diseases of the genital area, as well as the negative effects of certain chemical elements.

Ovarian endometrioma

Such tumors are a consequence of endometriosis. The contents of the endometrioid bladder are represented by brown blood clots, for which this cyst is nicknamed “chocolate”.

Currently, there is no consensus on the likely causes of the formation of such ovarian formations.

One version says that during menstruation, blood from the uterine cavity is thrown into the ovary along with endometrial cells, which subsequently grow.

The opposite point of view is based on the fact that during surgical treatment for gynecological indications, the ovaries or uterine body may be damaged. Subsequently, a cyst forms on the injured area.

The fact that the disease is progressing is usually indicated by pain in the lower abdomen, intensifying during menstruation, a slight increase in body temperature and difficulty conceiving.

What causes cysts to form in girls?

A pelvic cyst in women is a pathology of the genital area, the causes of which are usually divided into hormonal and inflammatory.

Hormonal factors:

• Thyroid gland dysfunction. Often, the development of a cystic tumor occurs according to the hypothyroid type, when the production of the gland hormone decreases. Changes in hormonal levels do not pass without leaving a mark on the female body, leaving a mark in the form of ovarian cysts.
• Changes in menstrual function - early (before 11 years of age) and irregular menstruation.
• History of cyst treatment. A previously cured cyst can provoke a relapse due to changes in the level of certain hormones. Irregular medical examinations, as well as violation of medical instructions after treatment of the primary cyst, also play a role.
• Increase in body weight. In the process of obesity, a change in the production of various groups of hormones occurs, which inevitably leads to the formation of a cystic bladder.

Inflammatory processes:

• Venereal diseases;
• Inflammation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes;
• Pathologies of the uterine body;
• Previous abortions.

Clinical picture

The size of the ovarian cyst determines the severity of the characteristic signs. Symptoms such as:

• Painful sensations and discomfort in the lower half of the abdomen, lumbosacral spine against the background of complete rest;
• Feeling of pressure on the bladder, as well as the rectum and nearby organs;
• Increased constipation and difficulty in evacuating feces;
• Dyspeptic disorders, manifested by nausea and, in some cases, bouts of vomiting;
• Neurological disorders (weakness, apathy, impaired performance and insomnia);
• Enlargement and protrusion of the abdomen, if an ovarian cyst of 4 cm or more has formed or a cyst has formed on both ovaries;
• An increase in body temperature to high levels during suppuration of a vesicular neoplasm as a result of infection;
• Sharp pain spreading to the lower abdomen, with torsion of the cystadenoma leg, caused by impaired blood supply to the cyst and ovary;

There are cases when a pathological formation suddenly ruptures. As a result, the serous contents of the bladder spread inside the peritoneum, causing peritonitis and, in especially severe cases, sepsis.

Diagnosis of ovarian cysts

It is possible to identify the presence of the disease, determine the type of neoplasm and its diameter using the following diagnostic methods:

1. Examination by a gynecologist with palpation of the abdomen in the projection of the body of the uterus and ovaries.
2. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound of the appendages (external and vaginal). A special sensor allows you to accurately diagnose the diameter of a cystic neoplasm and track the dynamics of its changes.
3. Computer or magnetic resonance imaging (CT, MRI), which allows you to obtain a three-dimensional image of the affected ovary along with nearby organs. These techniques make it possible to determine the shape and localization of the bubble in relation to neighboring structures, as well as to diagnose signs of metastasis in the malignant process.
4. Puncture of the abdominal cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix to determine whether or not there is blood.

A pregnancy test is indicated as a diagnostic technique. This is due to the fact that the supposed cystic bladder may turn out to be a fertilized egg that has become fixed outside the uterine cavity (ectopic pregnancy). In this case, the issue of prescribing conservative treatment is not considered, since the patient needs urgent surgical care.

Treatment of ovarian cysts

Depending on the type of cystic tumor, its effect on the female body and the general condition of the patient, the following treatment methods can be used:

Conservative treatment. It is used to inhibit the growth process of the formation and ensures its independent resorption by normalizing hormonal levels. It is considered a method that helps improve the patient’s well-being and prevent complications.

This therapy is not enough if there is accelerated growth of the bladder and the woman develops objective symptoms of compression of blood vessels, nerve fibers and neighboring organs. Such signs may be severe abdominal pain, dilation of the veins of the lower extremities, difficulty urinating and defecating.

Drug treatment is carried out using hormonal and homeopathic medicines, vitamin complexes, and physiotherapeutic techniques. The main role is played by proper nutrition and attendance at physical therapy classes.

Surgical treatment . It is carried out through laparoscopic or abdominal surgery.

The simplest intervention is considered to be the removal of large-diameter functional formations - their contents do not pose any danger.

Abdominal surgery is necessary when a cyst has formed inside the ovary or its stem has become twisted, since such a situation requires a serious approach.

The rehabilitation period after abdominal surgery is about 10 – 12 days. When performing laparoscopy, recovery time is halved.

When considering the types of cysts and their sizes, it is important to take into account that these formations are often benign in nature. Further treatment tactics depend on the results of gynecological diagnostics. Surgery is often required.

Source: https://prorak.info/kista/kista-yaichnikov/

Ovarian cyst: causes, types, symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment of cysts

NEAD EAD SEAD South Administrative District South-Western Administrative District CJSC Central Administrative District SZAO Northern Administrative District 01 02 03 05 06 07 08 09 1 0 1 1 1 2 14 18 15 16 17 Babushkinskaya Prospekt Mira Pervomaiskaya Baumanskaya Paveletskaya Teply Stan Shipilovskaya Prague Academic University Barrikadnaya River Station Oktyabrskoye Bratislava Taganskaya Academician Yangelya October Field

An ovarian cyst is a formation that is a thin-walled cavity filled with fluid. An ultrasound detects a cyst in the form of a protrusion on the surface of the ovary.

Ovarian cysts are often an incidental finding during an ultrasound examination performed in connection with suspected other diseases. For the most part, such formations are not dangerous; their occurrence is associated with the functional activity of the ovary.

The maturation of the egg occurs in a special cavity (sac) - the follicle. Sometimes a significant amount of fluid accumulates in the follicle.

If the sac does not rupture and the egg is not released, such thickened follicles may persist and grow for some time; but, as a rule, within two or three menstrual cycles their growth stops, the thickening decreases and disappears. A cyst of this origin is called functional or follicular .

Sometimes the follicles do not burst for several menstrual cycles in a row, forming cysts. This form of the disease is called polycystic ovary syndrome .

An identified functional cyst requires medical monitoring. Follow-up ultrasounds should show that the cyst is shrinking in size. In order to promote the resorption of the cyst, conservative treatment may be prescribed.

Causes of ovarian cysts

Factors contributing to the formation of ovarian cysts are:

• hormonal imbalances resulting both from diseases of the endocrine system (in particular, hypothyroidism) and from taking medications (for example, to stimulate ovulation);
• inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (endometritis, salpingoophoritis);
• adhesions in the pelvis;
• endometriosis;
• surgeries on the pelvic organs (removal of the uterus, unilateral removal of the ovary, resection of the ovary);
• abortions;
• obesity;
• smoking;
• menstrual irregularities (irregular menstruation);
• early onset of menstruation (at age eleven and earlier);
• stress, both psychological and physical, climate change, unfavorable environmental situation;
• age-related hormonal changes during premenopause.

Pathological ovarian cysts

In some cases, the ovarian cyst persists for a long time (over 3-4 months) and does not decrease in size, but, on the contrary, grows. The size of the cyst can vary from 1-3 to 20-30 cm in diameter. A cyst larger than 8-10 cm is regarded as pathological. A large cyst, in particular, is dangerous because there is a risk of twisting of the cyst stalk.

Depending on the characteristics of the formation and its contents, several types of ovarian cysts are distinguished. The following types of cysts are pathological:

• dermoid cyst of the ovary . It is formed from embryonic germ layers and contains parts of developed tissues that are not characteristic of the ovary. This could be skin, adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, hair, bones, teeth, nervous tissue. Such contents contribute to the suppuration of the cyst.
• endometrioid ovarian cyst . It is formed when endometrial tissue actively grows in the ovaries (endometriosis). The contents of an endometrioid cyst are formed by accumulated menstrual blood. In most cases, the disease is bilateral (that is, it develops on the ovaries on both sides).
• mucinous ovarian cyst . Filled with mucous contents (mucin, which is mucous secretion). Often consists of several chambers.

Endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cysts can quickly grow in size and are also capable of malignant degeneration.

A pathological cyst, due to its nature, can no longer resolve, so the only way to treat such a cyst is to remove the formation.

Symptoms of an ovarian cyst

When the size is small, the disease is usually asymptomatic. There may be a slight increase in body temperature.

In some cases (with a large size of the ovarian cyst or its pathological nature), the following symptoms may appear:

The pain is localized in the lower abdomen. The pain can be sharp and sharp or constant and nagging. In some cases, pain of varying intensity occurs during menstruation.

Menstrual irregularities

The cyst may put pressure on the rectum. In this case, manifestations such as flatulence and constipation are possible.

The pressure of the cyst on the bladder can lead to increased urination.

 

A large cyst may cause shortness of breath. There may even be asymmetric protrusion of the abdomen.

More about the symptom

In some cases, the existence of a cyst may be indicated by infertility (for example, infertility can be observed with an endometrioid cyst).

More about the symptom

Methods for diagnosing ovarian cysts

Since an ovarian cyst is one of those diseases that can only be detected during a medical examination, it is necessary to undergo periodic examinations of the pelvic organs.

Family Doctor doctors recommend visiting a gynecologist at least once a year.

Particular attention to neoplasms should be shown during menopause, when the occurrence of a cyst can no longer be explained by the functional activity of the ovary.

Diagnosis of ovarian cysts is carried out using instrumental methods.

Sign up for diagnostics

Treatment methods for ovarian cysts

Although a functional (follicular) ovarian cyst usually goes away without medical intervention, it should not be ignored. It is necessary to monitor the current condition of the cyst. Even a functional cyst can cause problems - if it ruptures, twists the cyst stalk, or suppurates. In these cases, urgent removal of the cyst is necessary.

Such conditions are accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, which can radiate to the legs or anus, weakness, dizziness, sometimes pre-fainting or fainting states, nausea and even vomiting, an increase in body temperature above 38°C, and profuse bleeding from the genital tract. If such symptoms occur, you should call an ambulance.

If the ovarian cyst is dermoid, endometrioid or mucinous, treatment is performed surgically. To avoid the development of complications and eliminate the risk of malignant degeneration, such an ovarian cyst is removed routinely.

In order to accelerate the resorption of a functional cyst, conservative treatment with hormonal drugs may be prescribed. If inflammation is present, a course of anti-inflammatory treatment is also carried out.

If the cyst is too large or there is a risk of malignant degeneration of the tumor, the cyst is removed surgically. If there are symptoms of a complication of the cyst, the cyst is removed urgently.

More information about the treatment method

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Source: https://www.fdoctor.ru/bolezn/kista_yaichnika/

Ovarian cyst: causes, symptoms and treatment in an article by gynecologist A. Yu Klimanov

Literary editor Elena Berezhnaya and scientific editor Sergey Fedosov worked on the article by Dr. Klimanov A.Yu.

Published February 26, 2018 Updated July 22, 2019

An ovarian cyst (Greek “kystis” - bag, bubble) is one of the most common benign hormone-dependent non-proliferating formations, which is a cavity with liquid contents. Cystic formations differ in etiology, morphology, clinical picture of the disease, as well as the tactics of their treatment.

According to various authors, every third woman of reproductive age has encountered a similar problem. Ovarian cysts are also common in girls aged 12-15 years (55.8% of cases).[1] Ovarian cysts are not prone to malignancy (malignancy), their growth is due to the increase and accumulation of liquid contents in the cavity, which distinguishes them from cysts.

Conventionally, two groups can be distinguished: functional cysts (follicular, thecallutein, corpus luteum cysts) and true cysts (serous, mucinous, endometriotic, teratoma and rare).

The genesis of an ovarian cyst is determined by a number of factors:

• hormonal dysfunctions;
• early age of menarche;
• menstrual irregularities;
• stimulation of ovulation in preparation for the IVF program, inflammatory ovarian diseases (salpingo-oophoritis and ophoritis);
• hypothyroidism;
• metabolic syndrome;
• surgical interventions (operations and abortions).

Also, risk groups for the occurrence of ovarian cysts include hereditary predisposition, difficult and harmful working conditions, psycho-emotional stress, malnutrition (strict mono-diets). However, in most cases, the causes of ovarian cysts are unknown.

If you notice similar symptoms, consult your doctor. Do not self-medicate - it is dangerous for your health!

Often, patients are not even aware of the presence of cysts due to their mild symptoms. Often, women learn about their diagnosis during a routine preventative examination or during examination for another disease. But it is still possible to identify a number of symptoms indicating the development of an ovarian cyst:

1. changes in the menstrual cycle;
2. pain syndrome outside of menstruation;
3. painful sensation during sexual intercourse;
4. mood lability (so-called premenstrual syndrome).[2]

Follicular cysts are usually unilateral in appearance and have an asymptomatic course. These cysts can range in size from 3 to 8 cm and are easily palpable during vaginal examination. In most cases, spontaneous resolution of the cyst occurs after 2 months.

The symptoms of luteal cysts are also not expressed sufficiently; often their development occurs within 2-3 months, after which they regress on their own.

Detection of a corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy does not pose a danger to the patient; by 18-20 weeks, as a rule, such cysts undergo involution.

Despite the fairly favorable course of the disease, complications may occur, accompanied by a picture of an acute abdomen: severe and sharp pain, symptoms of peritoneal irritation, fever, nausea.

At the moment, the pathogenetic aspects of ovarian cysts cause a lot of controversy.

Functional cysts are hormone-dependent formations that develop from graafian vesicles under the influence of gonadotropin stimulation on the ovaries (also with early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system) or against the background of inflammatory diseases; fluid accumulation occurs in the cystic-atretic follicle.

The mechanism for the appearance of luteal cysts is also associated with an increase in the production of gonadotropic hormone, but this is not the main factor; Inflammatory processes in the ovaries complicate the outflow of fluid due to the fact that the functions of the lymphatic and circulatory systems are disrupted. In addition, a patient's history of sexually transmitted diseases also increases the likelihood of developing ovarian cysts.[3][4]

Functional:

1. follicular cysts that arise in the first phase of the cycle from the dominant follicle. The cavity of such cysts has a smooth surface and thin walls; it is often possible to form several follicular cysts at once, but they always consist of a single chamber without partitions.
2. a corpus luteum cyst is formed from a corpus luteum that has not undergone involution, in which accumulation of serous or hemorrhagic fluid can occur. SVTs have thickened walls; complete or incomplete septa can be detected.

Hemorrhagic cysts are formed as a result of rupture of a follicular cyst or corpus luteum cyst and hemorrhage inside them.

• endometrioid cysts are formed as a result of the proliferation of the endometrium in the ovary. The walls of such cysts have uneven vascularization, as well as foci of hemorrhage, [5] the contents of endometrioid cysts have a characteristic “chocolate” tint;
• dermoid cysts are cavities with semi-liquid contents, which contain components of embryonic germ layers, connective tissue derivatives: hair, skin, and in some cases, tooth buds. Such cysts are not prone to rapid growth;

True: epithelial tumors developing from the epithelial components of the ovary. There are benign, borderline and malignant

• mucinous - refers to benign epithelial tumors. Such cysts can reach significant sizes and have more than one chamber. The contents of the cyst are represented by the secretion of the epithelium - mucin. The cavities of mucinous cysts have an uneven surface.
• serous - also belongs to the group of benign epithelial tumors; the capsular surface is lined with serous epithelium.
• germ cell tumors originate from primordial germ cells, often reach quite large sizes, and are malignant in 5% of cases.[6]

The most common complications of retention cysts are rupture of ovarian cysts, apoplexy, torsion of the cyst stalk, hemorrhages into the cyst cavity, as well as their pre-perforation.[7] All complications of ovarian cysts must be differentiated from pathologies that have a picture of an acute abdomen: acute appendicitis, perforation of a hollow organ, ectopic pregnancy.

Ovarian apoplexy is a condition accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the ovarian tissue, which results in hemorrhage of fluid into the abdominal cavity. Causes may include intense physical activity, sexual intercourse, or pregnancy.

[8] With ovarian apoplexy, the main complaints of patients are pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes radiating to the rectum, bleeding from the genital tract, general weakness, fever, dry mouth, nausea, and frequent urination.

[9] Depending on the form of apoplexy, conservative or surgical treatment is carried out. If this condition develops, consultation with a specialist is necessary!

The stalk on which the cyst is located connects it to the ovarian tissue.

If the leg is somewhat elongated, it may become torsion, resulting in the development of ischemic phenomena caused by compression of blood vessels and nerves.

It is difficult to miss this condition, since it is accompanied by prolonged acute pain and requires immediate hospitalization in a hospital for surgical intervention, otherwise peritonitis may develop.

The development of inflammation in the abdominal cavity as a result of cyst rupture can lead to sepsis and disruption of the normal functioning of internal organs. Sometimes ruptures of large cysts lead to removal of the ovary. This complication also requires immediate surgical intervention, since in addition to the risk of peritonitis, there is a risk of bleeding.

Ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs is the simplest and most informative method for diagnosing various ovarian cysts.

When diagnosing ovarian cysts, you should not rely only on instrumental research methods; it is necessary to conduct a detailed collection of anamnestic data, complaints, characteristics of the patient’s menstrual cycle, establishing the day of the cycle, as well as conducting a pregnancy test in case of delay, to exclude ectopic localization of the ovum. During a bimanual examination, it is worth paying attention to the presence, as well as the mobility and pain of pathological formations in the projection of the ovaries.

Of course, ultrasound diagnostics with transabdominal and transvaginal sensors will allow not only to identify the location of the cyst, but also to determine its structure, size, nature of the liquid contents, and determine treatment tactics for the patient.

[10] Diagnosing cystic formations in pregnant women is much more difficult, due to the increase in the size of the uterus at the corresponding stages of pregnancy, therefore ultrasound examination should be carried out with color circulation and Doppler measurements .[11]

• puncture biopsy is used for treatment .[12]
• In difficult cases of differential diagnosis of ovarian cysts with malignant formations, it makes sense to conduct magnetic resonance imaging , [13] as well as determining the CA-125 tumor marker.
• Diagnostic laparoscopy allows not only to conduct a visual assessment of the condition of the pelvic organs, but also, if necessary, to expand the scope of the operation and remove the cyst, sending its contents for further histological examination.

In a large percentage of cases, for patients with functional ovarian cysts, it is worth using a wait-and-see approach, taking into account the size of the cyst, its location, possible complications, as well as the patient’s age and the need to preserve reproductive capacity. Conservative treatment is possible if the cysts are uncomplicated; the drugs of choice are biphasic contraceptives, B vitamins and ascorbic acid.[14] Patients are recommended diet therapy, therapeutic exercises, and reflexology.[15]

Absolute indications for surgical treatment of functional ovarian cysts are their complications: cyst rupture and torsion of the pedicle of the ovarian cyst; relative indications are ovarian apoplexy (hemorrhagic form). In order to prevent the development of oncological pathology, true cysts are always subjected to surgical treatment.

The extent of surgical intervention will largely be determined by the patient’s age, reproductive status, as well as the type of cyst, its size and location. Advanced laparoscopic technologies make it possible to perform operations with minimal trauma even for patients with large ovarian cysts, as well as during pregnancy at various stages.[16]

In patients of reproductive age, preference is given to organ-preserving operations; the main method remains enucleation of the ovarian cyst, that is, dissection of the ovarian tissue without damaging the organ itself.

The cyst capsule is removed without opening it, which prevents contamination of the abdominal cavity with the contents of the cyst. If it is technically impossible to carry out this procedure, cyst is excised within healthy tissue.

In postmenopausal patients, both benign and malignant ovarian formations are equally common, so it is rational to perform adnexectomy —radical removal of the ovary along with the tube.

After the operation, all materials obtained are necessarily sent for research to determine the histotype of the ovarian formation.

Functional ovarian cysts have a fairly favorable prognosis if they are detected in a timely manner, dynamically monitored, and properly selected therapy. In some cases, cysts tend to recur.[17]  

There are no reliable preventive measures, but there are a number of studies showing a decrease in the development of functional cysts during continuous use of monophasic combined oral contraceptives.[18]

1. Periodical publication: Sibirskaya E.V., Koltunov I.E. , Korotkova S.A., Tarbaya N.O. Chapter 9. Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in girls and young women // Difficult diagnosis in pediatrics, 2016, No. 3
2. Nasedkin A.G. Clinical picture and morphology of the ovarian appendage in various types of ovarian cysts // CSF. 2007. No. 2. P.101-104
3. Kirgizova O. Yu., Moskaleva A. Yu. Non-drug innovative technologies in the treatment of functional ovarian cysts // Sib. honey. magazine (Irkutsk). 2009. No. 7. P.97-99
4. Nikolaeva I. N., Kulinich S. I., Golubev S. S., Batunova E. V. Problems and prospects for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian retention cysts // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2005. No. 5. P.74-80
5. Sidorova I. S., Unanyan A. L. Features of treatment of endometrioid ovarian cysts // Obstetrics, gynecology and reproduction. 2011. No. 1. P.29-32
6. Solopova A.E., Sologub Yu.N., Makatsariya A.D., Solopova A.G., Germ cell tumors of the ovaries - a modern view of the problem // Journal of obstetrics. and wives disease.. 2016. No. 2. P.4-15
7. Karimov Z.D., Ismailova F.T., Khusonkhodzhaeva M.T., Azimova F.M. Strategy and tactics for the treatment of ovarian tumor formations in urgent gynecology // Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012, No. 5
8. Kokh L. I., Sodnomova N. V., Balakshina N. G., Tardaskina A. V. Risk factors for ovarian apoplexy. // CSF. 2007. No. 4. P.45-48
9. Kokh L.I., Sodnomova N.V., Kirillov A.V. Clinical and morphological features of various forms of ovarian apoplexy // Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2008. No. 1. P.76-79
10. Kurbanov B.B. Diagnostic aspects of follicular ovarian cysts // Bulletin of the Russian State Medical University. 2015. No. 2. P.19-20
11. Martynov S.A., Lipatenkova Yu.I., Adamyan L.V., Danilov A.Yu., Klimenchenko N.I. The effectiveness of ultrasound methods in the differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like formations of the ovaries in pregnant women // Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2014, No. 8
12. Khairutdinova M.R., Egamberdieva L.D. Issues of management of patients with ovarian formations // PM. 2015. No. 4-1 (89). P.191-196
13. Solopova A.E., Makatsaria A.D., Sdvizhkov A.M., Ternovoy S.K. Magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of ovarian formations. Possibilities of quantitative multiparametric assessment//Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2017, No. 2
14. Daubasova I. Sh. Ovarian cyst: symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment // Bulletin of KazNMU. 2013. No. 3-2. P.7-9
15. Moskaleva A. Yu., Kirgizova O. Yu., Abramovich S. G., Danusevich I. N. Application of complex reflexology and physiotherapeutic treatment of follicular ovarian cysts in girls // Sib. honey. magazine (Irkutsk). 2010. No. 4. P.43-45
16. Fedorov I.V. Laparoscopic surgery and pregnancy // PM. 2010. No. 47. P.56-59
17. Petrov I. A., Tikhonovskaya O. A., Petrova M. S. Reproductive health of women with ovarian cysts // Siberian Medical Review. 2011. No. 1. P.70-73
18. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, Peto R, Reeves G. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23, 257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 2008 Jan 26; 371

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