HPV test: various ways to detect infection in humans

According to official statistics, from 80 to 90% of people encounter the human papillomavirus throughout their lives. It usually manifests itself in the form of neoplasms located on the skin or mucous membranes of the patient.

Most types of the virus are harmless, but among them there are those that have pronounced carcinogenic properties. Therefore, patients who have learned about their diagnosis need to be diagnosed with the type of HPV, for which different types of testing are offered.

 

What it is

An HPV test is a study of biological material taken from a patient.

The analysis shows a positive result if the infectious agent is present in the body, or a negative result if there is no viral load.

Conducting such a study is recommended for all people who are sexually active. However, a test to prevent the disease is more often prescribed after 25 years . If the result is negative, a re-examination is carried out every 2-3 years .

For women, the main method of collecting biological material is a smear taken from the cervical canal. The procedure is performed using a small soft brush, onto which DNA is collected for research using rotational movements.

Types of tests

Today, there are several types of testing designed to identify the virus and identify strains. Among these are:

1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is a test that helps detect the presence of infection and monitor viral concentrations.
2. Digen test. It operates using the hybrid capture method. Based on the differentiation of papillomavirus according to the risk of developing oncology. Rarely used as a single test, it is usually used in conjunction with other research methods.
3. PAP test. A Papanicolaou test is similar to a classic cytological examination. It is aimed at tracking atypical cells in the epithelium, which can be used to determine the presence of malignant processes in the body.

To make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out the procedure for collecting biological material from the patient in accordance with the standards. Otherwise, the analysis may be false negative (which is quite common) or false positive (which is less common).

Digene test

  PCR diagnostics of papillomaviruses - Kvant 21

Modern diagnostic standards recommend using this type of analysis in combination with other examinations. For women, this list includes colposcopy, PCR diagnostics and cytological examination. Thanks to a comprehensive study, the doctor receives a detailed picture of the patient’s body condition.

Colposcopy of the cervix

There is no specific preparation for this test; it is enough to follow the general recommendations necessary for other HPV tests. The period for receiving results is 7-14 days .

PAP test

A PAP test is standard to perform at any initial appointment with a gynecologist. During analysis, biomaterial is taken from the vagina or cervix.

The test monitors changes in the state of cells, identifying atypical ones among them, which potentially lead to the development of oncology.

 However, such a test does not make it possible to determine the genotype of the virus and its quantity, so it is not used in isolation from other diagnostic methods.

There are two types of Pap test:

1. HPV PAP test is a combination of an examination that detects the presence of the virus and a cytological examination. This type of test allows you to determine the strain of papillomavirus and determine the degree of its oncogenicity. The biomaterial is collected from the cervical canal, and then studied for oncological pathologies. This happens on glass, where the material taken for research is stained with a special substance and then studied using a microscope.
2. HPV PAP liquid test. This technique is an extended version of the test that helps determine the presence of infection, its genotype and the amount of virus in the body. The collection of material occurs in the same way as in the previous case, however, the collected material is placed not on glass, but in a special liquid. This method of research allows you to reduce the number of false negative results and respond to any changes in the epithelium. Thanks to this, it is possible to detect developing dysplasia or the initial stage of cancer. The results of the study are available 3-7 days after the test.

The results are interpreted as follows:

• NILM – the result is normal, no abnormalities were detected;
• ASCUS – atypical cells are present in the body;
• ASC-H – presence of squamous epithelium (implies early stage cancer);
• LSIL – atypical cells in small quantities (may indicate incipient dysplasia);
• HSIL – a large accumulation of atypical cells (the presence of various oncological processes);
• AGS – changes in the epithelium (may indicate oncological pathologies or the presence of dysplasia);
• AIS – the first stage of oncology development;
• High-grade SIL – presence of squamous cell carcinoma.

A PAP test is recommended for all sexually active women. The procedure is quick and painless. The study provides a large amount of information and helps to detect even minor changes in the epithelium. Thanks to this, it is possible to detect dysplasia or oncology in time and prevent the development of the disease.

  HPV analysis: deciphering the results

PCR testing

This type of diagnosis is prescribed for both men and women. The main material for research is secretions taken from the urethra or vagina. The patient can receive results in 3-5 days .

Depending on the purpose of the study, the PCR test is divided into several types:

• Genotyping – serves to determine high strains of papillomavirus;
• Qualitative method – indicates the presence or absence of HPV in the body;
• Quantitative method - determines the degree of virus concentration;
• Combined method - is a combination of a qualitative method in combination with genotyping.

The results of the quantitative method will be interpreted as follows:

• Lg5.0 is a high level of virus concentration.

Carrying out PCR diagnostics allows you to track the effectiveness of the treatment and prescribe adequate therapy in accordance with the results. The method is considered one of the most sensitive and modern methods for detecting papillomavirus.

How to prepare

Preparation for women involves advance refusal of:

• sexual intercourse (at least 2 days);
• vaginal suppositories, tampons;
• intimate hygiene products with bactericidal properties;
• douching;
• colposcopy;
• vaginal ultrasound.

The study is recommended to be carried out no earlier than 5 days after the end of menstruation and no later than 5 days before their start, that is, approximately in the middle of the cycle.

Before taking the test, it is necessary to replace washing in the bathroom with taking a shower. If the patient has inflammatory processes, diagnosis is carried out only after treatment. During pregnancy, diagnostics are possible.

The procedure is safe for both the fetus and the expectant mother.  

A man should also refuse sexual contact 1-2 days before taking the test . Before collecting the biomaterial, a man should not urinate for about 2 hours , since the analysis is taken directly from the urethra. And on the eve of the study, you should also avoid taking a bath and using products with antiseptic properties.

The exception for anyone being tested is the use of topical antibacterial agents. After taking a course of antibiotics, the patient needs a month to recover. Only after this will it be possible to conduct a test that adequately assesses the presence of papillomavirus. On the day of the examination, the patient should not wash himself before the procedure.

Compliance with these rules will ensure reliable testing results and eliminate possible errors in the analyzes.

Source: https://papillomus.ru/analizy/test-na-vpch/

Types of HPV tests

CONTENT

• Types of HPV test
• Digene test
• PCR testing
• PAP test
• Home test

The danger of HPV lies in the possible degeneration of affected tissues into malignant structures. The likelihood of developing cancer is especially high when infected with cancer-dangerous strains of the pathogen. Timely treatment and diagnosis can prevent the proliferation of pathogenic particles in the body. Today, there are many methods for detecting HPV in the body at the initial stages.

HPV can be detected using various tests

Types of HPV test

The virus is diagnosed through the collection and analysis of biological material taken. Tests are carried out by taking a biopsy of a small area of ​​the wart or taking a smear.

There are several ways to diagnose HPV:

• molecular;
• cytological.

The essence of the first method is based on identifying the DNA of the virus inside the affected cells. Research also makes it possible to determine the strain of the pathogen, which is important when drawing up a treatment regimen.

The second method reveals indirect signs of infection. The basis is the changes in cells that occurred as a result of infection with papillomavirus. Among the specific signs of the disease, one can note the presence of colitis - cells with large dark nuclei and a light membrane.

Testing can be done by detecting HPV DNA

Cytological examination does not make it possible to determine the strain of the pathogen and its danger to the infected person. However, diagnostic results may serve as a reason for conducting more in-depth studies - PCR and Digene tests. If a positive HPV test is received, treatment is prescribed to both partners to prevent re-infection.

Digene test

This diagnostic method is considered the most modern and simple way to identify the virus and its type. The assay was developed by Digene Diagnostics. The material for diagnosis during the test is a scraping from the urethra, cervix or cervical canal. The results of the study indicate the presence of virus fragments in the body and their quantitative ratio.

The accuracy of the method reaches 99%. This type of diagnosis is preferred when detecting oncogenic strains of the virus that can provoke dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Despite its high sensitivity, the Digene test is complemented by other screening methods - colposcopy, PCR, Papanicolaou test. Comprehensive diagnostics will allow you to determine the degree of viral load on the body and prescribe appropriate treatment.

For analysis, material can be taken from the urethra

PCR testing

The study reveals foreign DNA in cell structures. It can also be used to determine the strain of viral particles and their quantity in the patient’s blood. No special preparation is required to take the test.

The only requirement is that you do not urinate for 2 hours before the procedure and limit sexual intercourse for 3 days. It is also recommended to carry out standard hygiene procedures before taking a smear.

PCR test can be done in several ways:

• qualitatively;
• quantitatively;
• with genotyping;
• combined.

The main disadvantage of the first research method is the impossibility of determining the type of pathogen in the body. It allows you to diagnose or refute the presence of a virus in the blood.

To obtain an accurate picture of the disease, the quantitative method is complemented by qualitative diagnostics that can differentiate the pathogen from 14 to 21 genotypes.

The results indicate a "detected" or "not found" rating.

HPV can be detected using PCR tests

Genotyping makes it possible to establish possible complications and relapses of a particular genotype of the pathogen. The test is especially important if there are cancer-dangerous types of virus in the body (type 16, 18). If such structures are detected, the patient is required to undergo cytological analysis and coloposcopic examination.

Combination involves simultaneously performing genotyping and searching for type 16 virus. Possible results of the study:

• no infection detected;
• HPV type 16 was found;
• pathogenic particles were detected, including HPV 16.

In the first case, the results indicate the absence of a pathogen in the person’s blood, in the second - about infection with a type 16 virus. The third version of the decoding suggests that in addition to HPV type 16, there are other types of pathogens present in the human body.

The quantitative method can show the severity of the disease because it reveals the viral load in the body. The study determines the number of cancer-dangerous HPV strains – 16.18, which is important when making an accurate diagnosis.

Doctors should interpret the tests

An increased concentration of the pathogen in the body is considered when there are more than 5 cells in the field of view, taken out of 100,000. Such results indicate the possible degeneration of benign growths (condylomas, papillomas) into cancerous ones. If the result is insignificant, the number of less than 3 HPV cells is indicated.

PAP test

PAP test or Papanicolaou smear is a study with staining of biological material and further study of the latter in the laboratory. The technique is widely used to recognize the oncological process occurring in the lungs, bladder and other organs.

Most often, the analysis is prescribed to determine CC in the initial stages. The material is taken from the transition area of ​​the cervix at the border of flat and multilayered epithelium. The resulting cells are placed on a glass slide and treated with special dyes. The material is examined by a laboratory assistant under a microscope.

There are several test methods:

1. The HPV Pap test is an advanced DNA analysis of the material taken for cytology and HPV. The results indicate the genotype of the pathogen, the degree of its load on the body and the likelihood of degeneration into cancer. The cost of the procedure is 2100 rubles.
2. Liquid PAP test. The objectives of the study are the same as in the first case. However, the material sent to the laboratory is stored in a liquid medium. This approach reduces the likelihood of obtaining an unreliable result. The price of the study is 2000 rubles.

Smear examinations are carried out in various ways

Using a PAP test, you can detect cancerous or pre-cancerous changes in the tissues of the cervix. The method determines not only the presence of the disease, but also its stage in a few minutes. The value of the study is that it can give a complete picture of the disease in the absence of its symptomatic manifestations. HPV testing is recommended for all women over 21 years of age.

Both the PAP test and liquid-based cytology have the same information content in diagnosing HPV infection.

Explanation of the Pap test result:

1. NILM – normal, absence of virus in the body, corresponds to the first class of the smear.
2. ASCUS – the presence of atypical cells of an unknown type in the analysis. The cause may be infection with chlamydia or dysfunction of the mucous membranes of the genital organs.
3. ASC-H - analysis is typical for the early stage of cervical cancer. Diagnosed in 1-3% of patients. If such a result is obtained, women are recommended to undergo colposcopy.
4. LSIL – detection of a small amount of atypical structures in biological material. The condition indicates cervical dysplasia or HPV infection. A repeat PAP test is required after a year.
5. HSIL – pronounced changes in cellular structures, indicating a progressive oncological process. Without timely treatment, cancer affects 7% of patients within 5 years. Diagnosis should be supplemented by colposcopy, biopsy, and excision.
6. AGC – changes in the glandular structures of the cervix, which are characteristic of advanced stages of cancer. In this case, the woman will need curettage of the cervical canal and colposcopy.
7. AIS is an early stage of carcinoma development.
8. High-grade SIL – squamous cell carcinoma.

Based on the results, an accurate diagnosis can be made

If there are benign formations on the cervix, the woman is prescribed regular diagnostic measures to exclude an oncological process.

Home test

Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to identify papillomatosis at home. To do this, just buy an express test at the pharmacy. The reliability of this research method in gynecology is questioned.

Self-diagnosis of HPV is possible only if there are no characteristic signs of the disease or there are concerns about the health of the sexual partner.

Home tests are not performed during pregnancy or after taking antibiotics or other strong drugs. It is not advisable to use home tests on virgins. Before the study, douching is prohibited for 24 hours. The optimal time for testing is before menstruation.

Therapy includes taking immunomodulators, antiviral drugs, herbal medicine and surgical excision of tumors.

Prevention of complications involves maintaining an active lifestyle, good nutrition and regular examinations by a gynecologist and dermatologist.

The HPV test for women will be discussed in the video:



Source: http://bolezni.com/stati-o-boleznyah/papilloma/test.html

Diagnosis of human papillomavirus in men. HPV types

Genital condylomas are neoplasms caused in men and women by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection leads to skin lesions, in which growths appear on a thin thread-like stalk or on a broad base, genital warts, and warts.

Due to the presence of the human papillomavirus in the body, men develop benign formations on the external genitalia, which worsen sexual health. Diagnostics allows for earlier detection of HPV in order to promptly begin treatment of papillomatosis.

HPV and the risk of cancer in men

Among sexually active adults, 90% are HPV carriers. On the skin and mucous membranes, single or diffuse (multiple) growths and skin plaques usually appear after 20 years. The main target of the papilloma virus in men is the very vulnerable basal layer of the epithelium, including the mucous membranes of the genital organs.

Human papillomavirus infection (PVI) causes the growth of condylomas near the external opening of the urethra, affecting the foreskin and anal area. In this case, urination becomes difficult, sexual intercourse is complicated, and suppuration often appears.

There are 130 types of human papillomaviruses in total. Depending on their oncogenic properties, they can be classified into the following main groups:

• Non-oncogenic: HPV types 1 to 5.
• Low-oncogenic: 6 and 11 - most common. This group also includes types: 40, 42, 44, 53, 54, 57, 66.
• Highly oncogenic genotypes, of which there are 15 in total, of which the most common are: 16, 18, 31, 33 and others.
• HPV of average oncogenic risk - 26, 51, 55, 56, 68.

HPV genotype 6 is common in women, but in men it usually does not lead to pathology. Low-oncogenic HPVs cause the appearance of pointed papillomas in the groin of men, on the penis, the skin of the anal area, and in the anal canal. These can be single or fused genital warts. Human papillomavirus infection also causes damage to the laryngeal mucosa.

  Common causes of papillomas in humans

Highly oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 after infection remain only for some time in the urethral canal, and the appearance of condylomas on the penis is rarely associated with them. If they occur, they create the preconditions for malignant lesions.

Bladder papilloma in men can infect the mucous membrane of the entire urogenital tract. It has been proven that HPV is responsible for the development of penile cancer in 40% of the total number of cases.

What accelerates the development of the virus?

The development of PVI is associated with the presence of the herpes simplex virus in the body and a depressed state of immunity. The last factor is often decisive; as a result, HPV begins to progress rapidly.

The latent period usually ends after 1–2 months, but sometimes the latent existence lasts 3–5 years, then a conventional HPV test in men gives a negative result.

When the DNA of the virus is accidentally inserted into the cellular genome, the benign form turns into malignant.

The intensity of pathogen transmission is higher:

• with frequent changes of sexual partner;
• due to microtrauma of the skin;
• in case of sharing household items and clothing with an infected person;
• when swimming together.

Video about human papillomavirus

How to detect HPV in men

Few types of tests allow diagnosing PVI in the case of a latent and subclinical state of papillomavirus. In the clinical form of PVI in men, the symptoms are already visible to the naked eye.

When, under the influence of HPV, abnormal division of epithelial cells occurs, condylomas—flesh-colored formations—occur. Examinations most often confirm the presence of HPV types 6 and 53 in men.

What to do if you suspect HPV in men, how to detect human papillomavirus infection?

You need to go through:

1. Dermatovenereological and urological visual examinations to identify condylomas. These can be single or multiple injuries in the perineum and anus, on the surface of the external genitalia.

2. Cytological and histological tests can detect changes in epithelial tissues characteristic of PVI.
3. Molecular biological testing is necessary to confirm the fact of infection. In this case, HPV genotyping is performed.

  How dangerous is the human papillomavirus for men?

Tests for human papillomavirus

PCR analysis for papillomaviruses in men gives an idea of ​​the presence of highly and moderately oncogenic types of pathogen in cells. The material for testing is samples of the skin of the glans penis and the mucous surface of the urethra.

A more accurate picture emerges when analyzing the DNA of the papillomavirus. In this case, specialists detect PVI in men even at the very beginning of the process and prescribe treatment on time.

To carry out the tests, clinical material will be required; it is taken from the genital tract and lesions of PVI. Men take tests before being examined. It is possible that one or two more repeat HPV tests will be required.

Timely diagnosis of HPV in men, even with a latent form of PVI, makes it possible to determine the type of virus. Early treatment prevents the proliferation of condylomas, prevents penile cancer and tumors of the anal area. Adequate therapy is also needed in the case of tumors in the oral cavity.

According to statistics, women and men are equally susceptible to PVI. For the stronger sex, the cancer danger of HPV is not as great as for the weaker half of humanity.

There are structural features of the urogenital tract in the male body that lead to the absence of symptoms, even to self-healing.

Therefore, cytological screening (dispensary examination) is not carried out; men undergo tests necessary for the differential diagnosis of papillomaviruses.

This material is posted for educational and informational purposes, does not constitute professional medical advice or scientific material and cannot serve as a substitute for medical advice.

Source: http://zdorovaya-kozha.ru/papillomy/diagnostika-virusa-papillomy-cheloveka-u-muzhchin-tipy-vpch.html

PCR testing for human papillomavirus (HPV)

Some types of HPV (there are more than 100 in total) have carcinogenic properties, that is, under certain conditions they can provoke the growth of malignant tumors. The papilloma virus does not appear immediately after entering the body; it can pose a hidden threat to human health for years. HPV testing will help to identify and prevent the development of oncological processes in a timely manner.

What is and what is the HPV test?

An HPV test is a study of biomaterial taken from the cervical canal, cervix (in women) or urethra (in men). The analysis carried out refutes or confirms the presence of the pathogen, allows us to determine its type, as well as the quantity (viral load) in the material under study.

HPV DNA testing is recommended for all persons under 30 years of age without exception. If the test result is positive (the presence of a pathogen is detected), the doctor prescribes additional diagnostic measures. If papillomavirus is not detected, preventive examinations are carried out every 3 years.

Today, an HPV test can be performed in several ways:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an advanced test that detects the presence of the pathogen, its type and viral load;
• Digen test is another name for the “hybrid capture method”. This differential diagnosis of viruses with a high oncogenic risk (the type and concentration of the pathogen is determined);
• Pap testing is essentially a regular cytological analysis of a Papanicolaou smear that allows you to determine the presence of atypical cells of the cervix (today it has been expanded and made more informative);
• HPV PAP test extended – a combination of two studies (HPV test + Pap cytological analysis). Detects the type and amount of virus, as well as the presence of cellular abnormalities;
• Liquid HPV Pap test is two studies combined into one. Here they also perform an HPV test and perform a cytological sample, but the biomaterial is placed in a specific liquid medium, which allows for more in-depth testing.

Important! An important step in diagnosis is the correct collection of biomaterial - insufficient presence of the patient’s genomic DNA in the test fluid can give a false result. Therefore, for the reliability of testing, a special KVM parameter was introduced - control of material collection.

Read more Papillox gel-balm - a remedy for papillomavirus infection

PCR testing

Any biological fluid of the patient is suitable for PCR diagnostics - vaginal or urethral discharge, semen, urine. The cost of the study varies from 700 to 1500 rubles (the most expensive is the determination of several highly oncogenic types of HPV at once). The results are usually ready 3–5 days after collecting the biomaterial.

To obtain reliable results, PCR analysis is carried out in the middle of the menstrual cycle (no earlier than 5 days after and no later than 5 days before the start of menstruation). Biomaterial collection is not carried out:

• During menstruation;
• Within 2 days after sexual intercourse;
• Within 2 days after using vaginal preparations containing fat, as well as vinegar solutions, tampons;
• After douching;
• After colposcopy or vaginal ultrasound of the pelvic organs.

Also, a smear should not be taken for 2 weeks after using local antibacterial and antiseptic drugs (at least 1 month must pass after taking systemic antibiotics). Urination is carried out no later than 2 hours before taking a smear from the urethral canal (this applies mainly to men).

There are 4 PCR methods for detecting papillomavirus:

• Qualitative format – shows the fact of the presence of the virus in the body;
• Genotyping – performed to determine the type of HPV with high carcinogenic risk (HCR);
• Quantitative format – determination of viral load (concentration of the pathogen in the material being studied);
• The combined method is a qualitative format + genotyping.

The results of the tests come in a few days; their interpretation is the prerogative of the doctor. However, as a guide, here's how to interpret the notation:

• Lg5.0 – high viral load.

Based on the data obtained, the doctor prescribes the most effective therapy.

Digene test

Digene, or as it is also called Digest test, was developed by Digene Diagnostics (hence the name). As test material for HPV analysis, a scraping is taken from the vagina, cervical canal, and urethra. During the study, the DNA fragments of the virus, its type and quantitative ratio are determined.

Read more Human papillomavirus (HPV) on the genitals of men

This is the most sensitive and accurate test (errors are practically eliminated); as a rule, it is used to identify one or more carcinogenic types of HPV that can lead to dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Despite the fact that the Digene test is quite informative, it should be supplemented with other screening tests - cytology, colposcopy, PCR diagnostics, PAP testing. The gold standard of medicine is the Digen test + cytological examination. A comprehensive examination allows you to obtain a detailed result, on the basis of which the doctor will prescribe treatment.

No specific preparation is required before testing; it is enough to perform the usual hygienic procedure (douching is excluded). The duration of the digen test is from 7 to 14 days.

HPV pap test

A Pap test is performed at every gynecological examination - a smear is taken from the vagina, outer surface and canal of the cervix. Cytological analysis of Papanicolaou shows the presence of atypical cells with a high risk of degeneration into cancer tumors. However, this is not enough, because for adequate treatment it is also necessary to know the genotype of the pathogen and its quantitative ratio.

Therefore, today extensive tests are carried out, including several studies.

• The HPV Pap test is a combination of an extensive study of HPV DNA and cytology. During the analysis, the serotype of the virus, the degree of its carcinogenicity and the quantitative load are determined. A cervical scraping is also examined for the presence of cervical cancer pathologies according to Papanicolaou - the taken smear is transferred to glass, stained with a special dye and examined under a microscope. Research price from 2100 rubles;
• Liquid HPV Pap test (extended) is also a combined technique that includes determination of the genotype, viral load and degree of oncogenicity. During the analysis, a Papanicolaou cytological examination is performed to identify oncopathologies; only the collected biomaterial is placed in a special liquid medium. This is a new technology that allows you to reduce the number of inadequate scrapings and more accurately identify epithelial changes, determine neoplasia, dysplasia or oncology of the cervix. The cost of analysis is from 2000 rubles.

This innovative approach allows you to conduct several studies at once, taking one scraping. The patient receives test results 3-7 days after the biomaterial is collected.

Read more Human papillomavirus (HPV) in women. Diagnosis and treatment

Interpret the liquid Pap test as follows (according to the Bethesda system):

• NILM – no abnormalities, normal smear;
• ASCUS – the presence of atypical cells was detected;
• ASC-H – squamous epithelium detected (indicates the initial stage of cancer);
• LSIL – atypical cells in low concentration (possible initial stage of dysplasia, HPV);
• HSIL – high concentration of atypical cells indicating the development of cancer pathology;
• AGS – change in the glandular epithelium (indicates dysplasia or oncopathology);
• AIS – initial stage of the oncological process;
• High-grade SIL – squamous cell carcinoma detected.

Important! A PAP test is performed on all women without exception after the start of sexual activity. The method is painless, uncomplicated, but informative enough to identify epithelial changes in the cervix at an early stage and prevent oncological processes.

Analysis at home

Women who, for various reasons, cannot visit a doctor, but want to get tested for HPV, can conduct a rapid test on their own, simply at home.

To conduct a study, it is enough to buy a special kit at the pharmacy, but you must follow some rules for collecting biomaterial:

• Do not carry out the test during menstruation (the middle of the cycle is suitable for taking a smear);
• You cannot douche in front of the fence;
• Do not use any vaginal medications 2-3 days before the test.

An express test carried out independently is not a diagnostic method, it is a preventive analysis that encourages a woman, in case of a positive result, to consult a doctor and prevent the possible development of oncology.

Testing at home should not be done late in pregnancy (especially if there are complications or risk of miscarriage). Girls who have not had sexual relations, as well as those who have recently undergone antibiotic therapy, should refuse independent HPV testing.

It is better to carry out any tests in a specialized institution - for a cytological study, it is enough to visit a gynecologist, but advanced HPV tests are performed in medical or laboratory centers.

Video on topic

Source: https://zemlvetl.info/pcr-testirovanie-na-virus-papillomy-cheloveka-vpch.html

HPV test

HPV test is a laboratory test for human papillomaviruses to detect various types of HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 56, 58, 59, 68. These viruses are the cause of the development of cervical cancer, in In Russia, about 13 thousand women fall ill with cervical cancer per year, and about 6 thousand women die as a result of the development of cervical cancer.
An HPV test can identify those who are infected and may develop cervical cancer. Those women who have been diagnosed with the papilloma virus should undergo further examination and be observed by a gynecologist. Typically, women are not very concerned about what kind of smears the gynecologist takes during an examination on the chair. Few people visit a doctor specifically to get tested for HPV.

How to test for HPV

During a gynecological examination, a sample is taken to examine and identify viruses (scraping cells from the cervix). This procedure does not cause any pain. Literally in 3 days the results are already known.

Thanks to domestic AmpliSens systems that meet international standards, the total number of HPV viruses in a woman is determined.
If you were told that the HPV virus was not detected, then you do not need to repeat the test in the next 3 years.

If you are told that HPV has been detected, there is no need to panic; further examination should be carried out. The HPV virus is detected in an average of 20-30% of women.

How to prepare for HPV testing?

The analysis will be accurate if a smear is taken on days 5–10 of the cycle, after the bleeding has stopped. Or after the 16th day before the start of the next period.

From the 10th to the 16th day, cervical mucus (cervical mucus is a biologically unique liquid that has an alkaline environment, protecting sperm from death) becomes thick and begins to be released abundantly, which can interfere with the correct execution of the HPV test.

At what age should you get tested for HPV?

The test should be performed for the first time after 7-10 years of sexual activity. The cost of the HPV test is low, since it is performed on Russian-made test systems.

The HPV test is positive, what next?

After this, an additional examination is prescribed - colposcopy. During a gynecological examination, the cervical mucosa is examined; if there is a suspicion of HPV, a piece of tissue is taken for histology. The procedure is painless.

Are there symptoms of infection with the HPV virus?

HPV infection occurs without symptoms. However, this virus is sexually transmitted, so along with an HPV infection, you can catch another infection (chlamydia, gonorrhea, etc.). If you find that sexual intercourse causes pain, you have itching, burning, pain when urinating, then you need to be checked not only for sexually transmitted infections, but also take an HPV test.

What will protect you from HPV?

Oddly enough - a condom. Papilloma viruses can be found on human skin - groin, thighs, but they do not cause cervical cancer, only papilloma viruses types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 56, 58, 59, 68. Skin types of HPV are different from genital HPV. If genital type HPV gets on your hips, it will go away the first time you take a shower.

Currently, there is another way to prevent HPV infection - vaccination. Men with HPV do not have to worry about their health, since the HPV virus only affects the health of women. However, a man with HPV infection should think about the health of his woman. Cervical cancer is most often found in young women under 40 years of age.

If you have received the HPV vaccine, should you get an HPV test?

There is little experience with vaccines. At the moment, it is impossible to determine the rate of decline in antibodies and the need for additional vaccination.

In addition, the vaccine protects the body only from 16, 18, 31, 35, 45 types of HPV, and there are cases of ineffective vaccination.

At the moment, the vaccine together with prevention is an effective protection against HPV, and an HPV test is mandatory every 3-5 years.

Every woman must undergo 4 basic gynecological examinations: - examination of the cervix and vagina by a gynecologist; — examination of the pelvic organs using ultrasound; - vaginal smear for flora and infections that are sexually transmitted; - cervical smear for oncocytology. Your doctor may prescribe additional tests.

An HPV test is an opportunity for every woman to detect the papillomavirus in the uterus and eliminate the risk of developing cervical cancer and possibly death from cancer. (c) vitapower.ru

Source: http://vitapower.ru/221-hpv-testing

HPV diagnostic methods

The following methods are used to diagnose human papillomavirus infection:

1. Clinical examination;
2. Cytological examination of cervical Papanicolaou smears (PAP - smear test);
3. Colposcopy;
4. Cervical biopsy;
5. Histological examination;
6. Typing of papillomaviruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
7. DIGENE test.

The most effective methods are considered to be molecular genetic diagnostics - PCR and DIGENE test.

1. Clinical examination

According to the characteristic clinical picture, all types of warts and genital warts are identified. In the presence of anogenital warts, examination of the cervix is ​​mandatory; if indicated, urethroscopy is performed to exclude endourethral condylomas.

2. Cytological examination of cervical Papanicolaou smears (PAP - smear test)

Cytological analysis of a smear is a method for detecting morphological changes in cells, including those associated with HPV.

The method is nonspecific for infections caused by high-oncogenic risk viruses and detects cases of mild dysplasia associated with low-oncogenic HPVs. The quality of the result largely depends on the qualifications of the cytologist (interpretation is subjective) and on the choice of staining method.

• The accuracy of the cytological test is variable and depends on many factors, such as the method of collecting material, the technique of preparing smears, and the qualifications of laboratory technicians.
• In 70-90% of cases, the cause of false-negative cytological responses is the sampling of material.
• In 10-30%, there is an erroneous interpretation of cytological data in women who regularly underwent cytological screening, but the collection of material or interpretation of the results was erroneous.

3. Colposcopic signs of HPV infection

There is no specific set of colposcopic signs of HPV infection. The most characteristic colposcopic signs of subclinical forms of HPV:

• acetowhite epithelium;
• mosaic;
• punctuation;
• abnormal transformation zone.

Pronounced (rough) colposcopic signs of HPV:

• severe leukoplakia;
• rough mosaic and punctuation.

Minor colposcopic signs of HPV:

• thin leukoplakia;
• delicate mosaic and punctuation.

From the features of human papillomavirus infection, it follows that a positive test result for the presence of the virus should be interpreted as:

1. the patient belongs to a high or low risk group for developing cervical cancer;
2. the need for additional thorough diagnostic procedures to determine the current stage of infection and exclude severe dysplasia and cervical cancer (at the same time, the diagnostic sensitivity for severe dysplasia and cervical cancer in HPV testing is significantly higher (93-99%) than in smear cytological analysis ( 50-60%);
3. the need to monitor the infection in the absence of clinical or subclinical manifestations.

1. A negative test result is interpreted as the absence of a risk of developing severe dysplasia and cancer, while the predictive value of a negative HPV test is significantly higher than a cytological study.
2. If colposcopic signs of HPV infection are detected, treatment of the cervix with an HPV test (PCR or Digene test), followed by antiviral treatment, is indicated.
3. Indications for observation are:

• latent form of PVI;
• vestibular papillomatosis.

Periodic examination, including colposcopy, Pap test and HPV test (PCR or Digene test), is carried out in case of persistence of highly oncogenic HPV types once every 6 months, in their absence - once a year.

4. Cervical biopsy

Cervical biopsy is the intravital removal of a small amount of tissue from the vaginal part of the cervix for microscopic examination for diagnostic purposes. The purpose of a cervical biopsy is morphological verification of the putative clinical diagnosis.

Targeted biopsy implies that all manipulations are carried out under the control of a microscope.

5. Histological examination

The histological method of examining biopsy material is crucial in making a final diagnosis for cervical pathology. The reliability of the histological method for diagnosing precancerous diseases and cervical cancer is 98.6%. Colposcopically oriented biopsy increases diagnostic accuracy by 25%.

6. Typing of papillomaviruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

The PCR method has great diagnostic significance and allows you to identify individual types of HPV. PCR (or polymerase chain reaction) is the most accurate of all possible methods for detecting infections in the human body.

Unlike immunological methods, where the presence of a microorganism is judged solely by the presence of antibodies to specific pathogens in the patient’s blood, PCR diagnostics directly detects the pathogen itself or parts of it, even in extremely low concentrations, which makes the PCR method the most accurate and sensitive.

The principle of PCR diagnostics is very simple: in tissue fluids (blood, urine, mucus, etc.) foreign DNA or RNA binds to the administered reagent.

And the ability to carry out a precipitation reaction with any tissue fluid makes this method also the most universal, simple and convenient.

7. Digene test

The Digene HPV Test was developed by Digene Diagnostics (Murex) and is a test that has the highest sensitivity to date.

This study allows us to identify papillomavirus, determine its type and whether it belongs to a highly oncogenic or low-oncogenic group, and record clinically significant concentrations in tissues.

This can serve as an important prognostic sign.

Research technology on the phenomenon of hybridization (binding of viral DNA with an RNA probe) and subsequent capture of the resulting hybrid by monoclonal antibodies on the solid phase.

Next, the hybrid binds with antibodies that are labeled with the enzyme and the test is completed by performing chemiluminescence.

For research it is possible to use various materials: scraping of epithelial cells obtained from the cervical canal, vagina, urethra; a glass slide with available material for cytological examination; tissue obtained as a result of biopsy.

Carrying out the HPV Digene-Test together with a cytological examination is the “gold standard” in the diagnosis of papillomavirus lesions of the cervix. Since the HPV Digene-Test determines the concentrations of the virus at which the development of the oncological process occurs, using various treatment methods it is possible to prevent the development of neoplasia.

This test is recommended for screening studies in women over 30 years of age, as well as in cases of indeterminate PAP test results.

Thus, there are quite a lot of methods to determine HPV, its presence and aggressiveness. In this regard, every doctor has the opportunity to establish an accurate diagnosis of HPV and prescribe the correct treatment. The patient’s task is to see a doctor on time.

Source: http://www.vpch.net/diagnostics/

Extended HPV test (with determination of the amount and type of virus)

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Conditions of preparation are determined by the attending physician.

Urogenital tract scraping (in women: cervical canal) : Swabs should not be taken:

• during menstruation;
• earlier than 5 days after using vaginal suppositories, tampons or spermicides;
• after a vaginal examination (pelvic ultrasound, colposcopy), douching;
• earlier than 24-48 hours after sexual intercourse.

" ["opisanie"]=> string(6502) "

Research method: PCR

This test is only for women

The study allows you to determine the type of HPV of high oncogenic risk and its concentration. The HPV group of high carcinogenic risk (HCR) includes genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68.

Types 16 and 18 are considered the most carcinogenic, the least are 51, 56, 68. More than 80% of those infected with HPV are spontaneously cured within 12–24 months.

HPV types HCR, along with genital warts and mild dysplasia, also contribute to malignant transformation of the cervical epithelium, leading to invasive cancer.

Indications for the study:

• Screening programs with cytological examination for women over 30 years of age
• Examination for uncertain and questionable results of cytological studies
• Carrying out differential diagnosis with diseases of non-papillomavirus etiology
• Monitoring the effectiveness of therapy for severe cervical dysplasia (CIN2+) 6 months after removal of the affected epithelium

Interpretation of results:

Reference values ​​(standard version):

Example of a research result – DETECTED

Parameter Result Reference values ​​Unit.

Number of cells in the sample (parameter used for clinical interpretation)	more than 500	More than 500
HPV test extended	Ready	.
High-risk HPV DNA (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68)	DETECTED	Not detected
HPV DNA group A9 (types 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58)	5,0

Source: https://www.cmd-online.ru/analizy-i-tseny/vpch-test-rashirnnyj_031210/