Symptoms of infection with Staphylococcus aureus and prevention of the disease

It is very difficult to fight staphylococcus bacteria, as they are resistant to many types of antibiotics and, with long-term therapy, develop strong immunity to them.

Bacteria of the staphyloccocus species are divided into pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic. Thus, pathogenic bacteria enter the body from the environment. Such bacteria are easier to treat because they are not immune to antibiotics .

But conditionally pathogenic bacteria live in the mucous membranes of the human body and manifest themselves only when favorable conditions occur.

Such bacteria are much more difficult to treat because they already have strong immunity to certain types of antibiotics.

Diseases caused by staphylococci depend on how the infection occurred. Staphylococcus bacteria are very resistant to the environment and can live both in the air and in food. Therefore, the routes of infection by these bacteria are very diverse.

Types of staphylococci and main characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

Main types of staphylococci

27 types of staphylococci are known in the world , however, among the most common and dangerous to humans are:

1. Saprophytic staphylococcus - lives mainly in the mucous membranes of the bladder, genitourinary tract, as well as on the external tissues of the genital organs (in both men and women). When favorable conditions arise for pathogenic bacteria, it causes inflammation of the kidneys and bladder (pyelonephritis and cystitis). Such bacteria are more common in women than in men.
2. Hemolytic staphylococcus is a rather specific type of staphylococcal infection; its distinctive feature is the ability to penetrate the blood and destroy red blood cells. These bacteria live mainly in the armpits, groin and perineum. It primarily affects the upper respiratory organs and the genitourinary system. The bacteria are very resistant to antibiotics because they are classified as conditionally pathogenic bacteria and have strong immunity.
3. Staphylococcus epidermidis - mostly lives on human skin in any part of it and, when it enters the circulatory system through damaged areas of the skin, can cause inflammatory processes. Small white ulcers may appear on the skin, which are located diffusely and do not form separate foci.
4. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common and most dangerous type of bacteria. Penetrating into the human body, it can cause inflammatory processes in various organs. Penetrating into the circulatory system it can affect the mucous membrane of the heart and brain and can also affect the skeletal system and bone marrow. The occurrence of inflammatory processes and the development of diseases depends on the route of infection. Bacteria can be both pathogenic and opportunistic, which greatly complicates the treatment of an infected person. In addition, they are very resistant to the environment and antibiotics.

Main characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium of the staphylococcus group, which causes purulent-inflammatory processes in the human body.

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus are spherical in shape and, when multiplying, unite into colonies. Under a microscope, such colonies resemble bunches of grapes.

In a healthy person, they predominate mainly in the nasal passages, as well as in the axillary areas and in the groin area.

Due to its resistance to the environment and external factors, Staphylococcus aureus is able to penetrate the human body in various ways. Settling on the mucous membranes of internal organs, staphylococcus aureus causes severe inflammatory processes , as a result of which purulent formations appear on the tissues of the organs.

Staphylococcus aureus is distinguished by its resistance to antibiotics, which greatly complicates human treatment, especially with repeated or recurrent development of the disease.

Causes and routes of infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Norms of staphylococcus aureus in test parameters and types of diseases caused by it.

Causes and routes of infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Among the main causes of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus are:

• Weakening of the body's protective functions is the main and most important reason for the exacerbation of chronic diseases caused by opportunistic staphylococcus bacteria.
• close contact with an infected person - Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be released into the air when coughing or sneezing. Therefore, when in contact with an infected person, it is important to use disposable medical dressings and follow preventive measures.
• Failure to comply with personal hygiene and sanitation measures - pathogenic bacteria can be on the surface or inside food. Therefore, fruits and vegetables must be thoroughly washed and doused with boiling water. And water, milk and meat products must be subjected to long-term, repeated heat treatment at high temperatures.
• non-compliance with medical measures in the presence of open injuries or microtraumas on the skin or oral cavity - Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are able to penetrate the blood and, spreading along with plasma throughout the body, can cause severe purulent-inflammatory processes of the skin, skeletal system, as well as the mucous membrane of the heart and brain.

The routes of infection with Staphylococcus aureus are quite diverse and include:

• Airborne - pathogenic bacteria enter the air along with the saliva of an infected person when sneezing or runny nose. A healthy person, in close contact with an infected person, inhales air with bacteria and they settle on the mucous membranes of his upper and lower respiratory tract. Where they begin to actively reproduce and parasitize.
• Airborne dust - as already mentioned, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are very resistant to the environment and human infection can occur by inhaling contaminated air in a closed room or on public transport where an infected person was previously located.
• Contact-household - infection occurs when sharing common tableware or hygiene items with an infected person. Thus, if a staphylococcal infection affects the oral cavity and respiratory organs, the patient should have his own cutlery, and if the skin is affected, personal hygiene items should be provided.
• Nutritional - infection occurs through food. In this case, the carriers of infection are insects, animals or the infected person himself. Therefore, meat products and milk must be processed for a long time at high temperatures, and fruits and berries must be thoroughly washed under running water and doused with boiling water.
• Artificial - this route of infection occurs as a result of the use of unsterile or poorly processed medical instruments. Thus, the infection enters the blood and can cause serious inflammatory processes in the internal organs, heart, bone system and brain. This route of infection is the most dangerous.

Norms of staphylococcus aureus in test parameters and types of diseases caused by it

Thus, when the respiratory system is damaged, Staphylococcus aureus causes the development of sinusitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis.

The incubation period of these diseases is no more than a week; the acute period itself is milder than with a viral infection. Body temperature rarely exceeds 39 degrees. For example, with the development of bacterial pneumonia, the body temperature may not exceed low-grade fever, and the cough may be periodic.

When the organs of the genitourinary system are affected , golden bacteria are found in urine or smears from the cervical canal. This may indicate the presence of a chronic infection or the presence of an inflammatory process. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria cause the development of pyelonephritis or cystitis.

By affecting the digestive system, Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disruption of the functions of digestion and absorption. Leads to inflammation of the pancreas, liver and stomach. Promotes the development of diseases such as pancreatitis, colitis, dysbacteriosis, food poisoning, enteritis.

By affecting the skin , it contributes to the appearance of small white ulcers on the epithelium, as well as styes, boils or boils.

Damage to the skeletal system is caused by the development of osteomyelitis. this disease is accompanied by a purulent-necrotic process in the joints and significantly limits a person’s movements. And also with this disease, the bone marrow can also suffer.

Purulent-inflammatory processes in the mucous membrane of the brain occur during the development of meningitis or encephalitis in an infected person. These diseases can manifest themselves as a result of complications of other diseases of abacterial origin or independently as a result of Staphylococcus aureus entering the blood.

To establish the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the body, the suspected patient is prescribed to undergo a series of tests, which include bacterial culture of stool and a general blood test. However, the presence of these bacteria does not always indicate an inflammatory process, as there are certain norms for the presence of certain bacteria in the body.

Normally, in a healthy person, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria should not be present in the body, however, concentrations of up to 10 to the 4th power are allowed. Exceeding this norm indicates the presence of an inflammatory process caused by these pathogenic bacteria.

Treatment and preventive measures for Staphylococcus aureus

Treatment of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

As mentioned earlier, Staphylococcus aureus can cause the development and exacerbation of many diseases . To treat each disease, complex therapy is used, which is aimed at eliminating the general symptoms of the disease and suppressing pathogenic bacteria.

An integral part of therapy is a course of penicillin antibiotics. In this case, treatment without an antibiotic is impossible, since the infection can only be removed with its help.

So, for the treatment of back and lower respiratory organs, antibiotics are prescribed in the form of tablets. However, in the acute course of the disease or its complications, antibiotics can be administered intramuscularly or intravenously using drip systems.

To eliminate purulent rhinitis, mixed nasal drops are prescribed, which also contain an antibiotic and vasoconstrictor drugs. To eliminate general symptoms of bronchitis, laryngitis or pneumonia, expectorant, sedative and thinning mixtures are prescribed.

To treat acute tonsillitis, in addition to antibiotics, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory solutions are prescribed for rinsing the mouth and throat.

When treating the gastrointestinal tract, enzyme preparations and drugs to restore intestinal microflora are prescribed. Painkillers may be prescribed to relieve spasms.

For kidney and urinary tract diseases, antifungal urological drugs are prescribed along with antibiotics.

Urological preparations of plant origin help relieve pain and restore normal kidney function.

In the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the heart and brain, cardiac drugs and drugs are prescribed to improve cerebral circulation and restore normal functions.

Each antibiotic has a detrimental effect on the intestinal flora, so to prevent unpleasant consequences, eubiotics and drugs containing lactobacilli are prescribed. Such drugs protect the mucous membrane and normalize its functioning.

Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus

In order to prevent the entry of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus bacteria into the body or the exacerbation of chronic diseases that it causes. Some preventive measures must be followed . Namely:

• avoid general and local hypothermia;
• monitor vitamin balance and the state of the immune system;
• observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary measures;
• avoid contact with infected people;
• When in contact with an infected person, take precautions (use disposable medical dressings;
• raw meat products should be subject to prolonged heat treatment;
• During an outbreak of acute infectious diseases that are transmitted by airborne droplets, after visiting public places and transport, wash your hands and face with soap, and also sanitize the oral cavity.

Staphylococcus aureus is a very dangerous bacterium that causes serious disruptions in the functioning of human organs. Treatment of these diseases is quite complex and is carried out under the strict supervision of a doctor.

Therefore, in this case, it is better to refuse self-medication and promptly seek qualified medical help. This will help avoid unwanted complications and infection entering the circulatory system.

Source: https://lor.guru/zabolevaniya/stafilokokk/zolotistyy-stafilokokk-prichiny-i-puti-zarazheniya-lechenie.html

Staphylococcus - Symptoms and treatment methods, diagnosis and types of disease, advice from a parasitologist

Last updated - January 15, 2020 at 15:44

Reading time: 6 min

Staphylococcus is a bacterium whose cells (spherical in shape) infect various organs, including internal organs, as well as the heart. The name staphylococcus comes from the Greek “staphilè” which means “groups”. These are colored, interconnected bright purple colored bacteria.

If a person feels unwell, these may be symptoms of staphylococcus. They can be very diverse. It all depends on the severity of the infection. It manifests itself depending on the location in which the disease process occurs, the presence of a bacterial strain.

Causes and symptoms: how does staphylococcus infection occur?

In order to understand how staphylococcus appears, its signs and what it is, it is necessary to understand everything in order. Infection is quite common due to microbes that are constantly present not only in the environment, but also in our body.

Staphylococci colonize us - 80-90% of healthy people are carriers of the strains.

Found on the skin, mucous membranes (oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, intestinal mucosa and genital mucosa) and in the ears.

Microorganisms are found in abundance everywhere. Particularly common in domestic settings. This can be an infection transmitted directly or indirectly from a sick person to a healthy one.

People of any age are susceptible to inflammation. Most often occurs in people with weakened immune systems and in newborns; in people undergoing radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or drugs.

People with particularly serious illnesses such as cancer, diabetes and lung disease are at serious risk of contracting this disease.

• Therefore, you need to be especially vigilant and careful when you are dealing with a sick person, especially with a weakened immune system, someone whose immune system is to some extent depleted.
• Bacteria can spread through the air, but inflammation almost always occurs as a result of direct contact with open wounds or fluids through an infected body.
• Staph strains often enter the body through inflamed hair follicles or sebaceous glands, or enter the skin through burns, cuts and scrapes, infections, insect bites or wounds.

Staph infection in the blood (bacteremia) occurs when strains from a local infection spread to the lymph nodes and bloodstream. All this can cause high fever. May cause shock. In severe cases, they lead to sudden death.

Varieties of strains of staphylococcal infection

Epidermal. The main cause is a bacterial infection in the patient. This strain mainly affects people with cancer whose immune system is weakened, as well as blood poisoning and surgery. The disease may make itself known a year after the operation.

The second type , saprophytic staphylococcus, causes diseases of the genitourinary system in women, for example, causing cystitis. Bacteria are localized in the urethra, affecting it.

Staphylococcal infection, predominantly purulent, in most cases occurs through the skin in the form of growths, boils, honeycombs, and pimple-like red spots.

Staphylococcus aureus is accompanied by pain inside the ear. Spots and purulent formations appear on the scalp. Such manifestations are especially not uncommon when the infection occurs due to one strain of bacteria. Localization can be deep - in the respiratory system, in the bones, in the heart.

Staphylococcus aureus (saprophyticus) is a common cause of diseases in women, the causative agent of vaginitis and cystitis. It can cause, if the strain is in the gastrointestinal tract, a urinary tract infection.

Staphylococcus aureus causes the following diseases:

1. arthritis;
2. development of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia);
3. the appearance of foci of infection and pus under the skin (carbuncles);
4. inflammation of tissue that spreads under the skin, causing pain and swelling (cellulitis);
5. inflammation of the valves, the walls of the heart (endocarditis), the tissue that surrounds and protects the spinal cord and brain (meningitis);
6. on bone tissue and bone marrow (osteomyelitis);
7. pneumonia.

Green dangerous and pronounced staphylococcus is accompanied by fever, vomiting, intoxication of the body, general malaise, and weakness. Manifests itself in the form of damage to the nasopharynx and lungs.

Often localized - at the level of the central nervous and urinary systems. In different situations, manifestations of the disease can be detected if the infection is at the level of the epidermis, as is the case with acne, or small lesions on the skin.

Symptoms of staph infection

1. 
2. If the infection becomes organic, then the signs of the disease may be of a different type.
3. How does staphylococcus manifest itself:

1. boils around the mouth;
2. pustules (pimples) at the level of the nose, lips;
3. the presence of wounds, tears in the skin;
4. pus in the throat;
5. ear infections;
6. enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin with progressive swelling;
7. peeling of the skin;
8. the appearance of reddish, itchy spots on the face;
9. chills and fever;
10. pneumonia;
11. abscesses in the kidneys and liver;
12. infection in the lower urinary tract;
13. problems with the gastrointestinal tract

When the first signs appear, you should not think that the disease has arisen recently. Often in such situations the disease already existed, but in an inactive phase. As a rule, the disease is asymptomatic. To avoid various complications, you must immediately consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Complications of the disease can be very different. Strains can also penetrate the blood circulation and reach important organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart and brain.

Only 80% of people (registered in recent years) are sensitive to some antibiotics and treatments.

A serious form of staph infection

An ailment such as staphylococcus can appear suddenly; symptoms may manifest themselves as follows:

1. The appearance of boils or pustules on the skin . Filling with pus or inflamed skin is today one of the most common signs of the disease and the presence of a dangerous form of infection. Let's say you have a mosquito bite on your hand and staph on your finger. In this case, if you scratch that bite, the bacteria on your finger can penetrate further into the wound and cause large, red and painful pus-filled spots. The patient may develop a rash or blisters, more commonly called “impetigo.”
2. Food poisoning. When food is exposed to a staph infection, the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that can make you sick. As a result of infection, the following symptoms occur: vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. These signs of infection usually appear within 6 hours. The main thing to remember is that cooking kills bacteria, but not the toxins that make you sick. Therefore, it is very important to handle food, as well as vegetables, fruits or meat, with clean hands.
3. Fever may occur in a hospital setting. For example, when you had surgery, staph bacteria could enter your bloodstream. This can be caused by a blood infection known as "bacteremia", which can initially lead to fever and low blood pressure. Once your blood contains dangerous bacteria, it can spread to your heart, bones and other organs and can even be fatal. These include pneumonia, as well as a type of bone infection called osteomyelitis, which causes swelling in the area of ​​infection. Dangerous forms of strains also cause heart infections. Symptoms can manifest in different ways: muscle and joint pain, night sweats, fever, pale skin, nausea and other symptoms. It is very important to consult a doctor in a timely manner.
4. Toxic shock syndrome. As a result of the appearance of staphylococcus, toxin accumulates. These in turn can lead to a certain type of blood poisoning. This can lead to sudden fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and a rash that resembles burns on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.
5. Signs of scalded skin - most often occur in newborns and other children under the age of five. Localized infection begins on the skin, the temperature rises, an unexpectedly bright red rash appears, which spreads from the face to other parts of the body, after which scales form. Large blisters develop at the site of infection. When they burst, the skin becomes more inflamed and looks as if it has been burned out.

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease

Once a person has developed symptoms. For example, such as various boils on the skin, lymph nodes in the armpits, in the groin, pain, swelling in areas of the skin, you need to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Doctors will immediately order blood tests, which will show, if the disease is present, an unusually high concentration of white blood cells. The diagnosis can only be made on the basis of laboratory tests - blood and urine.

In addition, another examination may be prescribed to assess the severity of the disease. For example, a needle biopsy (removing tissue with a needle, then checking it under a microscope) can be used to assess which bones are infected.

Most healthy people who are affected by this disease recover completely within a short time. Others develop repeated infections. Some get seriously ill. In the latter case, longer therapy and emergency care are required.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARu6i7bxOWY

Superficial staph infections can be treated with compresses applied to the affected area for twenty to thirty minutes three or four times a day.

Severe or recurrent infections require longer treatment - seven to ten days of treatment. Antibiotic treatment may also be prescribed.

For more serious infections, antibiotics may be given intravenously for six weeks. A similar treatment is also used by doctors to treat staph around the eyes or on other parts of the face. Surgery may be required to remove abscesses that form on internal organs.

Prevention is as follows: Doctors and patients should always wash their hands thoroughly with warm water and soap after treating a staph infection or touching an open wound or pus.

Pus that oozes from the site of infection should be removed immediately. After this, the affected area should be cleaned with an antiseptic or antibacterial soap. To prevent the transmission of infection from one part of the body to another, it is important to shower and wash more often.

Since it is easy to become infected with this insidious disease and it is quickly transmitted from one family member to another, hygiene should be monitored more often at home. Use separate washcloths, towels, and bed linen. Wash personal hygiene items and change them more often.

Doctors and scientists are increasingly concerned about staph infections due to their resistance to antibiotics.

According to medical centers around the world, today there is quite serious control over this disease. However, local outbreaks of this infection occur annually.

Source: https://GemoParazit.ru/bakterii/stafilokokk-simptomy

How is Staphylococcus aureus transmitted - prevention measures

More than 40% of the world's population are carriers of this infection. An opportunistic microorganism causes many terrible diseases - meningitis, pneumonia, encephalitis and even sepsis. The high degree of endurance of the microbe allows it to survive at high temperatures, it does not die from antibiotics and multiplies unhindered at various points in the human body.

What is Staphylococcus aureus, how the infection is transmitted, preventive measures to reduce the risk of disease - this article will tell you about it.

Staphylococcus aureus: what is its danger

Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) is a representative of the normal microflora of the body, which, under favorable conditions (weakened immunity, open wounds), can cause a severe inflammatory process in absolutely all tissues and organs.

It is widespread, variable, has high survival rate, antibiotic resistance, and quickly adapts to different environmental conditions. Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous for the development of opportunistic infections.

In the pathogenesis of diseases caused by staphylococci, both the exotoxin and the bacterial cells themselves play an important role.

How the infection is transmitted

Staphylococcus enters the body through mucous membranes and skin, spreads by airborne droplets and airborne dust. Entry into the blood (septicemia) occurs due to the pathogen overcoming the protective lymphatic barriers.

Risk factors:

• — metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus);
• — immunodeficiency states;
• — extensive trauma (after surgery);
• - children and old age;
• - pregnancy;
• - lactation period.

Anyone can become infected with staphylococcus. However, not everyone exhibits the pathogenetic ability of the infection. The majority of the population are passive carriers of Staphylococcus aureus.

Ways of infection with Staphylococcus aureus (how the infection is transmitted):

• - contact - through contact;
• - aerogenic - airborne;
• - nutritional - through food.

Contact route of infection with staphylococcus

Once in an open wound, staphylococcus causes purulent inflammation of the damaged tissue.

Infection often occurs during surgical operations and various traumatic procedures using intravenous catheters and devices that come into contact with the internal environment of the human body.

These are hemodialysis, intravenous nutrition of premature babies, artificial ventilation of the lungs.

When carrying out instrumental diagnostic methods with non-sterile medical instruments, infection occurs extremely often (artificial route).

You can become infected with staphylococcus from ear piercings, piercings, and tattoos. Injection drug users can get an infection in the injection wound.

• In medical institutions, Staphylococcus aureus can get onto the wound surface from medical staff (potential carriers of infection) due to poor hand cleaning and in the absence of a mask.
• In a person with strong immunity, at the site of penetration of staphylococcus, the inflammatory process inhibits the spread of infection beyond the focus, where pathogenic microorganisms undergo phagocytosis (destruction).
• Young children often become infected with staphylococcus when playing with dirty toys or in the sandbox.

Aerogenic method of infection with staphylococcus

Living on the mucous membranes of the mouth and nasal passages, staphylococcus easily leaves its owner along with the exhaled air. When a carrier of infection comes into close contact with an unhealthy person, Staphylococcus aureus easily penetrates into the patient’s body. A weak immune system, the presence of small cracks in the skin, small foci of inflammation increase the risk of getting sick.

In some cases (with AIDS and after chemotherapy for cancer patients), when staphylococcus enters the respiratory organs, staphylococcal pneumonia can develop and be fatal.

Infection with staphylococcus through nutritional routes

The source of staphylococcus is often food: dairy products; meat products in the form of semi-finished products and sausages, fish (lightly salted, canned), flour sweets.

Once in food products, staphylococcus multiplies and releases enterotoxins. Having eaten contaminated food, a person can become infected with staphylococcus when the food comes into contact with the mucous membranes of the digestive tract (most often in the mouth) and, in addition, become poisoned (enterotoxins cause severe intestinal poisoning).

Newborns can become infected with staphylococcus from their mother when passing through the birth canal. The infection often penetrates through cracks in the nipples of a lactating woman, causing purulent mastitis and passing into breast milk.

Measures to prevent infection with Staphylococcus aureus

The microorganism is viable for more than 6 months in a dried state and up to 100 days in dust. Repeated freezing and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight do not kill staphylococcus.

Staphylococci can withstand heating up to 70C for more than one hour. At 80C - they die after 10-60 minutes, at 100C - instantly (boiling point); A 5% phenol solution neutralizes bacteria in 15-30 minutes.

Staphylococci are sensitive to brilliant green.

To prevent infection with staphylococcus, you need to:

— Follow proper nutrition standards (to avoid weakening the body’s immune properties) and eliminate (if present) vitamin deficiency. In a healthy body, the infection does not exhibit pathogenicity.

— Prevent injuries (especially in children). This will minimize the possibility of staphylococcus penetrating through damaged skin and open wounds. If an injury does occur, you need to immediately take measures (treat with brilliant green or other antiseptic) in order to disinfect the wound surface.

— Adhere to sanitary and hygienic standards. This will help everyone prevent pathogenic flora from entering the body. On clean, undamaged skin, Staphylococcus aureus dies in 5-6 minutes. You need to keep your body clean, wash your hands with soap before eating (the procedure is repeated especially often for children), wash children's toys and systematically clean the house.

Compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements in maternity hospitals, surgical departments, kindergartens, and at work will additionally protect the population from staphylococcus infection.

Source: http://health.wild-mistress.ru/wm/health.nsf/publicall/4357702_kak_peredaetsya_zolotistyy_stafilokokk_mery_profilaktiki

The danger of infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Danger of infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Ways to prevent the problem and eliminate it.

Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection affecting various tissues of the body. In most cases, these bacilli do not cause disease. However, damage to, for example, the skin can allow microorganisms to overcome the body's natural defense mechanisms, leading to infection.

Common skin infection

Contact with the sick person, such as kissing or hugging, does not pose a risk that transmission of the bacillus can occur as long as there is no direct contact with the infected area. These types of skin diseases usually lead to localized collections of pus in the form of abscesses, boils, depending on the specific type of lesion that is present.

In breastfeeding women, staphylococcus can lead to mastitis (inflammation of the breast) or breast abscesses. And these ailments, in turn, can cause bacilli to enter mother’s milk.

Features of microorganisms of this type

The bacteria can be spread from person to person through direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as exercise equipment, telephones, door handles, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less commonly, through inhalation of infected droplets released when a person sneezes or coughs.

The bacilli also tend to accumulate on medical devices in the body, such as artificial heart valves, joints, pacemakers, and catheters inserted through the skin into blood vessels. Bacteria are able to survive in conditions:

• dried wastewater;
• extreme temperatures;
• high levels of salt in the environment where they originated.

Exacerbation of the problem can be fatal if the bacilli enter the blood, joints, bones, lungs or heart.

Ways of spreading bacteria in food

These microorganisms, as a rule, do not cause disease in healthy people, but are capable of producing substances hazardous to human health that can cause food poisoning. People who have these bacteria in their bodies can contaminate food if they do not wash their hands before handling it.

When multiplying in food, microorganisms produce substances hazardous to human health. At the same time, bacteria of this type are easily destroyed with proper heat treatment as part of cooking.

Symptoms of this type of food poisoning

Staphylococcal toxins are fast-acting, with symptoms usually developing within 30 minutes (up to 6 hours) after exposure. Patients typically suffer from:

• vomiting;
• nausea;
• abdominal cramps;
• diarrhea.

This illness cannot be transmitted to other people, and, as a rule, lasts only 1 day. Severe forms of the disease are rare.

Staphylococcus aureus in the feces of a child (or adult) can most often be identified in such situations. Toxins can also be found in food.

If food poisoning is suspected, in addition to identifying Staphylococcus aureus in the child’s stool, to confirm the diagnosis, they are based on the symptoms manifested in the patient.

As a rule, such infection is accompanied by:

• high temperature;
• a rash on the palms and soles that resembles a sunburn;
• muscle pain;
• septic arthritis.

Treatment for this is to take plenty of fluids. Medicines may be useful to reduce vomiting and nausea. Patients with this type of disease are not contagious because the disease is not transmitted from one person to another.

Impact of antibiotic resistance on treatment

Antibiotics are not useful in treating this infection as they do not affect the toxin. Vancomycin is increasingly needed to treat serious forms of the disease because many types of the disease have become resistant to other traditional drugs. Antibiotics that are effective in this situation include:

• Nafcillin;
• Cefazolin;
• Clindamycin;
• Bacitracin;
• Mupirocin;
• Linezolid;
• Rifampicin;
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
• Doxycycline.

This type of bacteria (many species) has become resistant to one or more antibiotics. For example, only about 10 percent of modern staphylococcal forms can be cured with Penicillin.

Preventive measures and risk factors

This type of food poisoning can be prevented by preventing food contamination from these microorganisms. You should:

• wash your hands and under your nails thoroughly with soap and water before handling vegetables, fish, etc., and before preparing food;
• do not cook food when sick;
• if there are wounds or infections on the hands or wrists, you must wear special gloves while preparing food;
• keep the kitchen, work surfaces, stoves, tables clean;
• It makes sense to store cooked dishes only in a wide, shallow container designed for this purpose in the refrigerator.

Increase the risk of developing this disease:

• flu;
• chronic lung diseases;
• leukemia;
• tumors;
• transplanted organ;
• implanted medical device;
• a catheter in a blood vessel (used for a long time);
• burns;
• chronic skin diseases;
• diabetes;
• medicines such as corticosteroids.

Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) and chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer also increase the risk of infection.

Source: https://ponosov.net/opasnost-zarazheniya-zolotistym-stafilokokkom.html

Infection with Staphylococcus aureus - what are the symptoms?

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria live, in particular, on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. The development of infection can occur during a period of weakening and great susceptibility to infections; patients, children, the elderly and pregnant women are at risk. The health consequences can be very serious.

What is Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that, contrary to first impressions, is very common in our environment.

Many of us don’t even know what their carriers are - they usually live on the skin, in the nasal cavity, pharynx and urinary tract. Although Staphylococcus aureus sometimes causes very serious illness, its presence does not always cause symptoms.

According to scientists, from 10% to 50% of humanity has, has, or will have contact with this bacterium. As a rule, infection occurs during a period of decreased immunity - despite the development of medicine, many patients still become infected with Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals.

There are many ways of infection - it can enter the body through food, by airborne droplets or through contact with household items. The risk of infection is significantly increased by wounds and cancer, diabetes and immune deficiencies.

Staphylococcus aureus - symptoms of infection

Infection with Staphylococcus aureus produces different symptoms, depending on where the bacteria live. Infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and soft tissues, as well as connective tissue, and poisoning by bacterial toxins are most common.

A common form is purulent skin infections: boils, styes, abscesses, ulcers and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus on the face causes a characteristic inflammation of the hair follicles. Dermatological problems associated with bacterial infection should not be underestimated - they are not only unsightly and painful, but can also lead to other, much more serious complications.

Poisoning with enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus is extremely dangerous. In this case, toxic shock or Ritter's disease may occur, which are serious health risks.

Staphylococcus aureus in children and pregnancy

People with reduced immunity are susceptible to infection with Staphylococcus aureus. This group includes the elderly, pregnant women and children. To prevent infection, hygiene and wounds should be properly disinfected .

Children who are very susceptible to various types of infections require special care. However, properly administered therapy is highly effective. It is necessary to consult a doctor and carry out appropriate treatment.

Treatment for Staphylococcus aureus

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is based on antibacterial therapy , but it is very difficult due to the significant resistance of the bacterium to drugs and high temperatures (even cooking and baking are not able to kill bacterial toxins).

In addition, some strains of Staphylococcus aureus produce penicillinase, a substance that breaks down penicillin. Therefore, correct treatment must be preceded by an accurate diagnosis and determination of the type of bacteria .

Antibiotic ointments are also used to reduce skin changes. As an aid, you can try natural treatment for Staphylococcus aureus. The basis should be infection prevention, proper hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Patients in hospitals and other healthcare institutions should especially take care of it.

A proper, balanced diet, which does not lack any vitamins and nutrients, provides high resistance to the body and, thus, an effective barrier to Staphylococcus aureus.

Source: https://sekretizdorovya.ru/blog/zarazhenie_zolotistym_stafilokokkom/2018-11-08-595

How can you become infected with staphylococcus?

One of the first places among many pathogenic microorganisms is occupied by staphylococcus: how the infection is transmitted, how to avoid infection - frequently asked questions.

With the active growth of bacteria, pronounced, very characteristic signs appear that cannot be ignored. Timely treatment will help avoid the development of serious complications.

Staphylococcus - what is it?

Ekaterina Vladimirovna (parasitologist)

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Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterium in the form of a ball, characterized by low mobility, and forms groups similar to a bunch of grapes. This pathogenic microorganism belongs to the opportunistic microflora, lives in the nose, pharynx and on the skin, and is activated against the background of weakened immunity and chronic diseases.

What types of bacteria are most dangerous for humans:

1. Saprophytic staphylococcus - affects the organs of the genitourinary system, lives on the epithelium of the genital organs, the urinary canal, provokes the development of cystitis and nephritis.
2. Staphylococcus aureus is more widespread than the other two brothers and is much more dangerous than them. When infected, purulent and inflammatory processes develop on the skin, nasopharynx, heart, and blood vessels.
3. Staphylococcus epidermidis - lives on the skin and can penetrate into the blood through scratches, which will cause inflammation of the lining of the heart, meninges, blood poisoning, and so on.

Staphylococcus shows high resistance to antibiotics, antiseptics, high and low temperatures, and remains viable in the environment for a long time. Infections that occur when infected with these bacteria are difficult to treat with drug therapy and require long-term treatment.

Staphylococcus multiplies quickly, penetrates the blood, subcutaneous tissue, affects internal organs and the brain; children often develop a bacterial form of pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and sepsis.

Routes of transmission of the bacterium

Is staphylococcus contagious or not? Bacteria are transmitted from person to person during sexual and domestic contacts, enter the body with water, food, dust, and often enter the child’s body from an infected mother.

There is an autoinfectious route of infection - the transition from the carrier stage to the active form of the disease. More often this occurs in children against the background of ARVI or influenza. In adults, the pathology develops against the background of unreasonable use of antibiotics, the presence of HIV, malignant tumors, and after surgical interventions.

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Airborne

This is the most common way of spreading infection between people. Bacteria primarily live on the mucous membranes of the nose and throat; when coughing, sneezing, or talking, they penetrate into the air that other people inhale. In this way, pathology often spreads in preschool institutions, since children do not always cover their nose and mouth and are in close contact with each other.

This group also includes the airborne dust route of infection - staphylococcus can live outside the human body for a long time; when inhaling dirty air, the bacteria enter the body and begin to actively multiply.

The most susceptible to infection with staphylococcus are infants, preschoolers, the elderly, and diabetics.

Contact and household

The main source of infection is a sick person - infection occurs through personal contact or through shared household items.

The main factors for the transmission of staphylococcus:

• when shaking hands - if there are abrasions on the skin, or when touching the nose, eyes, mouth with dirty hands;
• during sexual intercourse, pathogenic microorganisms penetrate through the genital mucosa into the general bloodstream;
• when using shared dishes, things, towels with a carrier of infection;
• in case of non-compliance with the rules of care for newborns, violation of hygiene standards;
• infection of infants often occurs in utero, or during passage through the birth canal.

Staphylococcus infection often occurs in medical institutions, dental clinics, manicure and tattoo salons - if instruments are not properly processed, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, and infectious, inflammatory and purulent processes quickly develop.

You can also become infected with staphylococcus through a kiss - a large number of bacteria live in the mouth, which, together with saliva, penetrate the body of a healthy person.

Nutritional

You can become infected with staphylococcus by consuming poorly washed or insufficiently heat-treated food or dirty water. Most often, bacteria live on vegetables and fruits that come into contact with the soil, in dairy products, and salads with mayonnaise.

Infection of young children occurs through breast milk if there are active foci of staphylococcal infection in the mother's body - mastitis, endometritis, tonsillitis, sinusitis. Bacteria can be present in milk even after the disappearance of clinical manifestations of pathologies.

Dogs and cats often suffer from staphylococcal infections; when bitten, infected saliva enters the wound, which causes the development of the disease in humans.

How to find out about infection?

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Gandelman G. Sh.:

I have been detecting and treating parasites for many years. I can say with confidence that almost everyone is infected with parasites. It's just that most of them are extremely difficult to detect. They can be anywhere - in the blood, intestines, lungs, heart, brain. Parasites literally devour you from the inside, at the same time poisoning your body. As a result, numerous health problems appear, shortening life by 15-25 years.

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The most common signs of staphylococcus:

• dyspeptic disorders - diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, observed with nutritional infection;
• skin manifestations: rash, pimples, boils on the skin, the affected area turns red and swells;
• purulent mastitis in nursing women;
• lesions of the nasopharynx - sore throat, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis with characteristic purulent discharge;
• there is a local or general increase in temperature .

Inflammatory processes are often accompanied by severe pain of various localizations - swelling tissues begin to compress the nerve endings.

If signs of the disease appear, you must visit a therapist or pediatrician and undergo a full examination. The main diagnostic methods are a smear from the throat or genitals, analysis of discharge from ulcers, coprogram, stool examination for dysbacteriosis, ELISA.

The number of bacteria in a nasopharyngeal smear of less than 10 in grade 3 indicates an asymptomatic carriage of staphylococcus. At higher rates, antibacterial therapy is necessary.

Treatment of infection

The basis of treatment for staphylococcus is antibacterial drugs; they are prescribed after receiving the results of tests for the sensitivity of bacteria to the active substances of drugs.

Drug groups:

• antibiotics – Ampiox , Amoxiclav , Gentamicin , Cefepime ;
• bacteriophages against staphylococcus are a modern and safe method of therapy, the active substances affect only pathogenic bacteria and do not have a detrimental effect on the condition of the body as a whole;
• immunomodulators – Polyoxidonium , Thymogen ;
• administration intramuscularly or intravenously of antitoxic serum, antistaphylococcal plasma.

  Is staphylococcus in a child’s nose normal or a cause for concern?

In the treatment of staphylococcal furunculosis, the autohemotransfusion method is used - the patient is injected intramuscularly with his own venous blood; after destruction, the decay products begin to stimulate local immunity. If treatment does not bring the desired result, abscesses and boils are opened surgically.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to most antibacterial drugs; only Linezolid, Fuzidin, Vancomycin ; they must be taken together with Biseptol.

How not to get infected?

To avoid staphylococcal infections, it is necessary to constantly strengthen the body's defenses - in children and adults with strong immunity, the chance of infection is low.

Prevention of staphylococcal infections:

• careful adherence to hygiene rules - you need to wash your hands as often as possible, try not to touch your face too much, each family member should use their own towel;
• even minor scratches must be immediately treated with an antiseptic, covered with an adhesive plaster or applied with a sterile bandage;
• eat healthy and balanced, give up junk food and bad habits;
• get enough sleep, avoid stress and hypothermia;
• move more, take daily walks in the fresh air, do not forget about hardening procedures;
• Ventilate the room more often, regularly carry out wet cleaning of the room;
• carry out timely prevention of influenza and ARVI, do not delay the treatment of caries, diseases of the nasopharynx and genitourinary system;
• wash vegetables and fruits well, subject meat, fish, eggs to thorough heat treatment, use only purified water;
• use condoms.

Since staphylococcus often begins to actively multiply during pregnancy, it is necessary to undergo diagnostics in advance and constantly monitor the number of pathogenic bacteria in the body.

From the video you will learn about common mistakes in the treatment of staphylococcus based on test results:

Staphylococcal infections are dangerous to human life and health, especially for children. Timely diagnosis and properly selected medications will help avoid the development of severe complications, and compliance with simple preventive measures reduces the risk of infection or relapse of the disease to a minimum.

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Source: https://otparazitoff.ru/stafilokokk/kak-mozhno-zarazitsya.html