Recurrent prostate adenoma: risk criteria and causes of development

What risk factors can contribute to the development of prostate adenoma? Are you at risk for developing prostate adenoma? Below you will find answers to your questions and detailed information about risk factors for prostate adenoma.

A risk factor is a condition that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or pathological condition.

It is worth noting that prostate adenoma can develop both in the presence and absence of risk factors. But the more risk factors for prostate adenoma you have, the higher your likelihood of developing the disease.

The following risk factors for prostate adenoma exist:

A man's age is the main risk factor for prostate adenoma. If at the age of 40-49 years only 20% of men have symptoms of prostate adenoma, then in the age group of 50-59 years this figure is 35%, and 80% in the group of men over 70 years old.

As a man ages, his hormonal profile changes: changes in the levels of testosterone and estrogen, and an increase in the sensitivity of prostate cells to sex hormones play an important role in the development of prostate adenoma. In addition, age-related structural changes in the vascular wall occur, as a result of which the blood supply to the tissues of the prostate and its surrounding structures is disrupted.

According to many scientists, insufficient blood supply to prostate tissue is a trigger for unwanted prostate growth.

Family history. Men whose blood relatives (father, brother, grandfather) suffer from benign prostatic hyperplasia have a higher risk of developing prostate adenoma.

Ethnicity: BPH is more common among black men and Hispanics than among white men and Asians.

Overweight/obesity.

In 2005, data from a scientific study conducted by American Urological Association member Zucchetto were published, which concluded that obesity, especially the abdominal type, is a risk factor for prostate adenoma.

And a review of this scientific research, published in 2009, drew attention to the presence of a direct correlation between obesity and an increased risk of prostate adenoma.

The relationship between obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia may be due to the reduced testosterone levels observed with excess body weight. A decrease in testosterone levels in the blood is accompanied by an increase in estrogen levels and increased activity of dihydrotestosterone. In addition, obesity affects blood insulin levels, which is also a risk factor for prostate adenoma (see below).

Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing prostate adenoma. This happens because elevated insulin levels not only increase the flow of glucose (sugar) into cells, but also stimulate their growth.

In addition, with diabetes, significant structural changes occur in blood vessels, including those that supply blood to the prostate.

And as mentioned above, severe damage to the vessels supplying the prostate gland stimulates the development of prostate adenoma.

High levels of “bad” cholesterol are a risk factor for prostate adenoma. Good cholesterol is associated with special particles - high-density lipoproteins, which are involved in the transport of cholesterol and its inclusion in metabolism.

High-density lipoproteins help lower blood cholesterol levels. Bad cholesterol is associated with low-density lipoproteins; such cholesterol is not used by the body's cells and is deposited on the walls of the arteries.

In 2008, data was published showing that men with diabetes and high levels of “bad” cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein are more likely to suffer from prostate adenoma.

High blood pressure/arterial hypertension . Although it is not yet clear how high blood pressure worsens the course of prostate adenoma, scientists have identified a direct correlation between hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, is a group of disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

This group of disorders includes obesity, high blood pressure, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory status (increased levels of C-reactive protein in the blood - a sign of inflammation), prothrombotic status (high levels of fibrinogen, etc.). Scientists have proven that these factors also increase the risk of developing prostate adenoma.

Atherosclerosis increases the likelihood of developing prostate adenoma due to the altered structure of blood vessels, including those supplying the prostate.

Sedentary lifestyle. Reduced physical activity may increase the risk of developing prostate adenoma, most likely by contributing to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, etc.

Insufficient and unbalanced nutrition. A diet high in vegetables and low in fat and red meat reduces the risk of developing prostate cancer, according to a study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

A high-fat diet has been shown to increase the likelihood of developing adenoma by 31%, and eating red meat by 38%. If you consume large amounts of vegetables and fruits daily, you can reduce your risk of developing prostate adenoma by 32%.

Scientists have several hypotheses as to why high dietary fat is a risk factor for prostate adenoma. Fats help increase blood levels of testosterone, estrogen and other hormones that contribute to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In addition, fats are associated with chronic inflammation, which can also increase the risk of prostate enlargement.

Alcohol consumption. According to American scientists, daily consumption of two standard doses of alcohol (one standard dose is 10 g of pure alcohol, which corresponds to 60 ml of vodka, 200 ml of unfortified wine, 0.5 liters of beer).

• The only correct explanation for this is that alcohol reduces the level of certain hormones and helps to relax the muscle cells of the prostate.
• Decreased immunity is also a risk factor for prostate adenoma.
• If you have several risk factors for BPH, you can schedule a consultation with a urologist and your doctor will tell you what you can do to reduce the risk factors.

Source: https://03uro.ru/adenoma/factory-riska

Prostate adenoma: a hidden danger

Many men over 40 are familiar with the symptoms of prostate adenoma. There is pain in the lower abdomen, difficulty urinating, problems in the sexual sphere.

Even if you do not take into account the unpleasant manifestations of the disease, a tumor of the gland threatens serious complications, so every man needs to know why prostate adenoma is dangerous and why it needs to be treated as soon as possible.

What is prostate adenoma?

Adenoma, or hyperplasia, is the excessive growth of prostate tissue, which leads to compression of the urethra. Hyperplasia is benign by default, its cells will not necessarily degenerate into cancer, but this does not mean that the disease is harmless and can be ignored.

The reasons for the excessive division of prostate cells have not yet been established; some scientists associate the appearance of the tumor with natural hormonal changes that occur in the body of every man over 35-40 years of age. That is why the disease almost never occurs in representatives of the stronger sex who have not crossed this age limit.

A connection has not been established with the regularity of sexual intercourse and the presence of adenoma, since both sexually active men and those who have refused sex for any reason can get the disease. Despite the fact that the causes of prostate enlargement have not yet been established, scientists have identified risk groups that include men who have:

• genetic predisposition to prostate adenoma;
• excess weight;
• sedentary lifestyle and lack of sports;
• unbalanced diet with a lot of junk food, fast food, fried, fatty and salty.

Every man who belongs to risk groups, and has also crossed the threshold of 40 years, should be examined by a urologist at least once a year in order to notice the disease in time and begin to treat it.

Stages of the disease

Prostate adenoma does not appear instantly; it gradually develops and increases in size, increasingly squeezing the urethra and aggravating the situation. There are three stages in the development of prostatic hyperplasia.

Stage I

It is considered relatively harmless, a man may notice only slight discomfort, but he should be wary and consult a doctor. At this stage, treatment is exclusively medicinal and it will not take much time. Particular attention should be paid to the process of urination if:

• frequent urges occur, especially at night;
• the amount of urine excreted has decreased significantly;
• the stream is too weak;
• urination occurs in jerks and is accompanied by pauses.

If you ignore these symptoms, the adenoma will continue to grow and the disease will progress to the next stage.

Stage II

An increase in benign prostatic hyperplasia makes normal urination almost impossible. A certain amount of urine remains in the bladder, which increases as the adenoma grows. In order to finally empty the bladder, a man has to significantly strain his abdominal muscles.

Since in such situations the tissues of the bladder begin to adapt to the changed conditions, you may not notice significant changes in symptoms and general well-being. But in fact, the disease is getting worse and becoming more and more dangerous.

Stage III

This stage is considered the most dangerous, as it threatens severe complications from the excretory system.

The enlarged gland puts pressure on the urethra so much that complete emptying of the bladder becomes impossible.

In this case, a man may notice the involuntary release of a certain amount of urine, but the bladder itself remains full, which is easily detected by palpation.

Increased intravesical pressure leads to dilation of the urinary tract, and changes in water balance can be fatal.

Methods for diagnosing prostate adenoma

The disease is diagnosed by a urologist based on the results of certain examinations. First of all, a detailed medical history is collected, the doctor asks the patient about complaints, symptoms and the duration of their manifestation. After this, the patient must undergo all necessary diagnostic procedures.

Digital prostate examination

This diagnostic method is considered mandatory; its essence is extremely simple. The doctor inserts a finger into the patient's rectum and carefully feels the enlarged prostate gland. Based on this examination, the size of the gland and the specific location of the tumor can be determined.

Uroflowmetry

Since changes in the process of urination are considered one of the obvious signs of prostate adenoma, uroflowmetry cannot be avoided. Procedure algorithm: a man drinks a lot of water and empties his bladder, while a special device monitors the time spent urinating and the speed of the urine stream.

Ultrasound and TRUS

Ultrasound examination is familiar to everyone; it allows you to determine the condition of internal organs, including the prostate.

But TRUS is considered more effective, that is, transrectal ultrasound, which allows not only to detect prostate adenoma in the early stages, but also to notice the development of cancer.

The best method would be a combination of ultrasound and TRUS, since it is important to examine not only the prostate, but also the kidneys and bladder.

Blood analysis

When examining for the presence of prostatic hyperplasia, it is necessary to donate blood for PSA. PSA stands for prostate specific antigen, and an increased level of this substance in the blood allows one to judge the presence of not only adenoma, but also prostate cancer. The normal amount of PSA in a man’s blood should not exceed 4 ng/ml.

Why is prostate adenoma dangerous?

All urologists insist that men undergo annual examinations for the presence of prostatic hyperplasia because over time the disease worsens and its danger manifests itself in all its glory. What can such a seemingly harmless disease lead to? But if the prostate increases to a critical size, disruption of the excretory system can become fatal.

The duty of every urologist is to explain to men why prostate adenoma is dangerous, since this will avoid serious consequences. There are not many complications, but all of them can become critical for the body.

Acute urinary retention

The complication is that the man cannot empty his bladder normally.

This condition almost never occurs in the initial stages, it is more typical for stages II and III of the development of hyperplasia and is aggravated by severe stress, hypothermia or other extreme conditions for the body.

The cause of acute delay may be surgical interventions, alcohol abuse, or taking certain medications.

This condition requires immediate medical intervention, since increased intravesical pressure may well lead to its rupture.

Stone formation

Stones are considered the most common complication of prostate adenoma. Their formation is due to the fact that, due to the compressed urinary canal, a small amount of urine remains in the bladder, which increases as the adenoma grows. As a result, minerals settle in the bladder, which form stones.

If the size of the mineral formations is small, you can do without surgery. But sometimes the stones reach gigantic sizes and then surgery on the prostate gland with simultaneous removal of the stones is necessary.

Inflammatory process and infections

Urine that is not completely removed from the bladder is an excellent breeding ground for all kinds of bacteria.

As a result, prostatic hyperplasia is often accompanied by cystitis, or inflammation in the bladder, as well as pyelonephritis, which is formed with the direct participation of actively reproducing bacteria and affects the kidneys. Only timely treatment of prostate adenoma will help avoid such complications.

Hematuria

This is the name of a condition in which red blood cells enter the urine, although in a normal state they should not be there. This situation is due to the fact that the veins that are connected to the neck of the bladder, with constant increased intravesical pressure, increase, and varicose veins occur. There are two types of hematuria:

• microscopic, in which blood particles can only be seen during laboratory testing;
• macroscopic, in which there is so much blood in the urine that it turns pink or red.

Hematuria can be a sign not only of prostatic hyperplasia, but also of a tumor and bladder stones, so special attention must be paid to the diagnosis.

Kidney failure

This complication is considered the main cause of mortality in prostate adenoma.

The inability to urinate normally causes stagnation of urine, in which not only bacteria develop, but also all the substances that the body no longer needs remain.

Violation of water and electrolyte balance has a bad effect on the kidneys, which stop normal filtration and sooner or later fail. The result is most often death.

Treatment of prostate adenoma

The above complications are a sufficient reason to begin treatment for prostate adenoma as soon as the first symptoms appear.

In the initial stages, there is a possibility that the problem can be stopped without surgical intervention.

A man is prescribed medications that help relax the bladder muscles to improve the process of urination, as well as medications that stop the pathological growth of prostate cells.

1. Adenomectomy, in which an incision is made in the peritoneum and bladder. The operation not only affects the prostate, but also removes stones from the bladder. This method is also used if the prostate gland has become too enlarged.
2. Transuretal resection (TUR) is used more often because during such an intervention no incision is made, but the device is inserted into the urethra. But TUR has limitations: the prostate should not weigh more than 60 g, and too much urine should not remain in the bladder. Another contraindication for TUR is renal failure.

Prevention of adenoma

A sedentary lifestyle is the scourge of modern society; it increases the likelihood of adenoma.

Physical education and sports, as well as an active sexual life, will increase blood flow to the prostate and improve its functioning, which will reduce the risk of adenoma formation.

It is important to monitor your diet, which should be as balanced and healthy as possible. It is worth eliminating too salty foods, fatty, spicy foods, as well as fast food.

And the main recommendation is to immediately consult a doctor if you have any complaints. Only this will help preserve men's health and defeat prostate adenoma in the early stages.

Sources: medicalnewstoday.com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, health.harvard.edu.

Source: https://konstantinsmirnov.ru/bolezni-prostaty/giperplaziya/chem_opasna_adenoma_prostaty.html

What causes prostate adenoma in men?

Prostate adenoma is one of the unpleasant and most common ailments of the stronger half of humanity. A man's health is directly related to the normal functioning of the prostate. Therefore, it is so important to monitor your health and periodically visit medical institutions for preventive examinations.

When even minor changes in the functioning of the prostate appear, problems with the pelvic organs may appear, leading to illnesses that can be prevented in time. The risk group is headed by men over forty years of age.

The development of prostate adenoma begins with pathological changes in its tissues, which grow. As a consequence, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) appears.

An enlarged prostate can negatively affect the process of urination and reproductive function. The chestnut-shaped tissues of this organ cover part of the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts.

Therefore, their increase can have a compressive effect on neighboring organs, complicating their work.

The disease can be acute or chronic. Despite numerous studies, the causes of prostate adenoma in men have not yet been fully understood. It is important to know what provoking factors can lead to this.

Causes of prostate adenoma in men

The size of the prostate gland changes throughout life. The formation of the organ occurs before the age of twenty-five. Normally, the weight of the gland is 18-20 grams. After 45 years, prostate growth resumes up to 30 grams. Such changes are quite normal and depend on the individual characteristics of the body.

A pathology can be considered an unhealthy enlargement of the prostate that occurs in a short period of time and significantly exceeds normal limits.

An experienced specialist can determine the problem by palpation of tissue compaction and painful responses from the patient.

Modern equipment, if necessary, provides a clear image for diagnosing possible cysts, nodules, and tumors.

Many men have to deal with unpleasant symptoms. If the causes of prostate adenoma growth are identified in a timely manner and treatment is started, a man’s quality of life can be significantly improved. Prostate adenoma does not pose a risk to life, but it does cause significant inconvenience.

It is important to understand the causes of prostate adenoma in men.

Changes in hormonal levels in the body, when at the level of a decrease in testosterone (male sex hormone), estrogen (female hormone) increases, that is, a violation of the level of concentrations of estrogens and androgens. These reasons for the appearance of prostate adenoma can be called the main ones.  

Androgens are male sex hormones produced in the adrenal glands and testicles. They are responsible for hair growth, the distribution of the fat layer, and the timbre of the voice, which are secondary sexual characteristics.

A man's potency is directly related to the concentration of androgens, which take part in the production of sperm.

Estrogens, related to female sex hormones, are produced in the male body in small quantities. They are necessary to relieve stress. Estrogens found in sperm affect the stimulation of the smooth muscles of the reproductive system for faster sperm movement.

The ratio of male and female hormones in men is disrupted with age. After the forty-five-year mark, the body produces less male sex hormones, and more female sex hormones, which provokes prostate adenoma.

• Hereditary characteristics.
• Weight gain (obese males are more likely to experience unfavorable changes in the prostate).
• Long-term depression, imbalance of the nervous system.
• Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.
• Unbalanced diet (regular consumption of fatty and smoked foods while ignoring foods of plant origin).
• Inhalation of tobacco products over a long period.
• The practice of interrupting sexual contact.
• Significant hypothermia of the body.
• Infectious diseases that occur frequently.
• Poor circulation in the pelvic organs due to a long sedentary lifestyle (for example, in the office or while driving).

Each of these factors individually, as well as their complex, can cause the development of prostatitis. Consulting with a doctor will help you understand the reasons for the growth of prostate adenoma and prevent unwanted pathologies.

How to avoid prostate adenoma?

A benign prostate tumor is the cause of bladder disease. The enlarged tissue of the prostate gland compresses the urethra, creating obstacles to the natural excretion of urine. In addition to the discomfort, the disease can transform into more severe forms and negatively affect reproductive function. Therefore, recommendations on how to avoid prostate adenoma will be useful.

For preventive measures to lead to positive results, an integrated approach is required. An important factor is regular sex life (preferably with the same partner), especially for men who are limited (for whatever reason) in physical activity.

For those who spend a lot of time sitting, it is useful to perform exercises to train the gluteal muscles and perineum, alternately tensing and relaxing them. This helps improve blood circulation and avoid congestion in the pelvic organs.

Active walking in the fresh air (at least 10 km per day) and cycling are very effective. Such regular walks have a beneficial effect not only on the prostate, but on the entire body as a whole.

A contrast shower and a visit to the bath help strengthen the immune system and significantly reduce the risk of developing prostate adenoma. Massage of the sacral spine is useful for normalizing blood flow. It can be carried out at least once every two months.

Source: https://prostatitaid.ru/adenoma-prostaty/o-zabolevanii-adenomy/prichiny.html

Prostate adenoma

Kurashov Dmitry Viktorovich Urologist-andrologist
Ekaterina Valerievna Tarasova Urologist-andrologist, doctor of the highest category, candidate of medical sciences.

Today, prostate adenoma is the most common urological pathology among older men. According to WHO data, upon reaching the 50-year threshold, about 50% of the stronger sex encounters the disease, and over time it develops in 85% of older men. Such high rates require careful attention to your health and regular preventive examinations with a urologist or andrologist.

The Euromedprestige clinic specializes in the treatment of urological diseases and provides high-quality treatment of prostate adenoma using therapeutic and surgical methods.

Our center employs qualified specialists who use many years of experience and modern equipment in their work.

If you are faced with symptoms of prostate hyperplasia, we are ready to conduct a thorough diagnosis and provide the necessary medical care at any stage of the disease.

What is prostate adenoma?

The basis of prostate adenoma is the proliferation of prostate tissue, which displaces the opening of the bladder and contributes to the disruption of the outflow of urine. A manifestation of the pathology is the formation of a small nodule consisting of hyperplastic tissue.

As the disease develops, it increases in size and begins to put pressure on the urethra.

Gradually, infections of the genitourinary system and other serious complications are added to the main disease, which, if left untreated, can even lead to the death of the patient.

Based on the type of growth of the nodule, the disease has several forms:

• intravesical – the tumor-like formation increases in the direction of the bladder;
• subvesical - the node grows towards the rectum;
• retrotrigonal - the tumor is located under the bladder triangle.

There are many known cases when several nodules form in the gland at once. Then we are talking about a multifocal type of prostate adenoma. It should be noted that the disease has a benign course, but without treatment the disease can give impetus to malignant growth and the occurrence of prostate cancer.

Reasons for development

The reasons for the formation of pathology are not fully understood. There is an opinion that adenoma is a manifestation of male menopause and develops in connection with changes in the neuroendocrine regulation of the prostate. Factors that increase the likelihood of developing the disease include:

• age of men;
• increased levels of androgens in the blood;
• genetic predisposition.

According to studies of the etiology of prostate adenoma, the influence of other factors on the development of pathology has not been proven. In other words, doctors have no reason to say that the disease can develop as a result of poor nutrition, smoking, inflammation of the genitourinary system, alcohol abuse or increased (decreased) level of sexual activity.

Symptoms of prostate adenoma

Symptoms of the disease can vary significantly based on the size of the tumor, the direction and speed of its growth, and the degree of bladder dysfunction. Obstructive signs of prostate adenoma include:

• sluggish stream of urine;
• primary urinary retention;
• intermittent bladder emptying;
• feeling as if the bladder is not completely emptied;
• the need to tense the press to urinate;
• false urge to urinate.

In addition to the main symptoms, there is general weakness, dry mouth, loss of appetite with loss of body weight. A person is worried about constipation; when exhaling air, he smells urine. On the mental side, there is increased anxiety, restlessness, apathy, and a depressed state.

Stages of the disease

There are three stages of development of hyperplastic prostate adenoma, characterized by the following manifestations:

• Stage 1 (compensated). Symptoms of the first stage may bother the patient for one to three years. At a doctor's appointment, a man complains of urinary retention, sluggish urine stream, pain and frequent urge to empty the bladder, especially at night.
• Stage 2 (subcompensated). As the pathology develops, it becomes difficult for a person to urinate, the bladder does not seem to be completely emptied, urine is released in small portions and sometimes spontaneously. The main manifestations include symptoms of kidney failure.
• Stage 3 (decompensated). At the last stage of prostate adenoma, the patient experiences bladder dysfunction with dripping urine. It becomes cloudy or contains blood.

Name of service Cost

Appointment with a urologist-andrologist, therapeutic and diagnostic, outpatient	1,500 rub.
Appointment with a urologist-andrologist, C.M.N., diagnostic and treatment, outpatient	1,800 rub.
Summarizing the examination results and drawing up an individual treatment program of 2nd degree of complexity	1,000 rub.
Female cystoscopy / with anesthesia	4,000 rub.
Instillation of the urethra / without the cost of the drug	1,300 rub.
Therapeutic prostate massage	1,500 rub.
Shock wave therapy (conservative) for erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Storz Duolith) / 1 procedure	RUB 4,950
View the entire price list

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Diagnosis of the disease is carried out on the basis of interviewing the patient, identifying existing symptoms, instrumental and laboratory examination methods. A mandatory step is a urological examination of a man, during which the doctor palpates the walls of the prostate by inserting a finger into the rectum.

Laboratory diagnostics

Before starting treatment for prostate adenoma, a series of laboratory tests are prescribed to assess the patient’s condition and exclude malignancy. Laboratory diagnostics include the following procedures:

• a general urine test indicating the possible presence of genitourinary tract infections, bleeding or kidney failure;
• complete blood count to determine the level of leukocytes;
• kidney tests to determine kidney function;
• biopsy with prostate tissue sampling;
• PSA for the presence/absence of cancer.

Instrumental diagnostics

Instrumental diagnostic methods are mandatory in the treatment of prostate adenoma and help to obtain a complete picture of the size of the tumor, the condition of the prostate gland, and the presence of complications of the disease. To make an accurate diagnosis, specialists at the Euromedprestige clinic use a wide range of different examinations:

• Ultrasound - provides information about the structure of the prostate, the direction of growth of nodes, allows you to see stones in the kidneys and bladder, and concomitant urological pathologies.
• TRUS – thanks to transrectal examination, it is possible to detect prostate adenoma in the early stages of its appearance. Using TRUS, signs of prostatitis are detected, data is obtained on the size of the gland, existing pathological abnormalities and inflammatory processes.
• Uroflowmetry – used to evaluate urinary characteristics such as urine flow rate and bladder emptying time.
• Cystomanometry - used to determine pressure in the bladder.
• Urethrocystoscopy - using this method, the degree of narrowing of the urethra is studied.
• Cystography is an x-ray examination using contrast.
• CT or magnetic resonance imaging are modern methods that provide detailed data on the condition of the prostate gland.

Drug treatment

Conservative treatment of prostate adenoma is prescribed according to the I-PSS scale if it shows results ranging from 9 to 18 points. During therapy, various medications are used that can reduce the severity of the disease, eliminate infections and improve the patient’s condition. Typically, men are prescribed medications from the following groups:

• 5-alpha reductase inhibitors to block the transformation of testosterone into the active form;
• alpha-blockers to relax smooth muscle tone;
• antibiotics to treat inflammation;
• immunomodulators to correct immunity.

In parallel with the treatment of prostate adenoma, treatment of concomitant diseases is carried out.

Surgery to remove prostate adenoma

Surgery to remove the tumor is ordered when the I-PSS score is greater than 18. It is usually performed in the later stages of the disease and involves either excision of hyperplastic tissue or resection of the prostate.

Indications

Indications for surgery are the following pathologies and complications:

• urinary retention;
• renal failure;
• stones in the bladder resulting from prostate adenoma;
• urinary tract infections associated with the development of the disease;
• Excessive volumes of residual urine.

Methods of surgical treatment

The choice of one or another surgical intervention technique is carried out according to the symptoms and degree of damage to the gland. The operation is performed if the patient has no absolute contraindications, such as severe pathologies of the cardiac system, respiratory tract, etc. The most common methods of treating prostate adenoma are:

• Open adenomectomy – removal of an organ through an incision in the abdominal cavity. It is used only in advanced cases, it is traumatic, but allows you to completely recover from adenoma.
• Transurethral electrovaporization – evaporation of hyperplastic tissues using a roller electrode.
• Holmium laser enucleation is one of the most modern and popular methods that involves removing a tumor using a laser.
• Transurethral resection is the excision of affected tissue with a special instrument inserted through the opening of the urethra.
• Cystotomy is aimed at unloading the urinary system from residual urine.

Non-surgical treatment of prostate adenoma in men

As an addition, treatment of prostate adenoma includes a number of non-operative therapies that help remove the affected tissue, expand the lumen of the urethra and restore urination:

• microwave coagulation;
• urethral stenosis;
• needle ablation;
• cryodestruction (freezing of hyperplastic tissues);
• evaporation of tissues using ultrasound.

Possible complications of prostate adenoma

If you do not pay attention to the treatment of prostate adenoma, it can cause many complications that can occur even in the early stages of the tumor. Most often, patients encounter the following pathologies:

• acute urinary retention;
• hematuria;
• renal failure;
• stones in the bladder;
• inflammatory processes – cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, epididymitis.

In case of an acute complication, the patient is advised to undergo immediate hospitalization.

Acute urinary retention

One of the most serious consequences of prostate adenoma is acute urinary retention, when it is impossible to empty the bladder.

It most often worries in the later stages of the disease and appears against the background of hypothermia, constipation, prolonged sitting, eating food with spices, taking alcoholic beverages or diuretics.

In addition to the inability to urinate, during acute retention the patient experiences severe pain in the lower abdomen, increased anxiety, and bulges above the pubis.

Prevention of prostate adenoma

To avoid the development of the disease and the need for treatment of prostate adenoma, men are recommended to follow a number of preventive measures that will minimize the risks of the disease.

These include regular exercise, maintaining a normal weight, healthy eating with the exclusion of spicy, sour and smoked foods from the diet.

It is advisable to refrain from wearing too tight underwear and from casual sexual intercourse.

Even if prevention does not help stop the disease, at the Euromedprestige clinic you can undergo a full diagnosis and receive qualified medical care. Our doctors will prescribe competent treatment for prostate adenoma and help cope with complications.

Source: https://urologia.policlinica.ru/prichiny-adenomy-prostaty.html

Prostate cancer: accessible information about diagnosis, risk factors and statistics

The prostate is a small gland that is part of the male reproductive system. It produces prostate secretion, which is part of the seminal fluid. The prostate gland is located directly under the bladder and is similar in shape and size to a walnut. It may increase with age. The urethra passes through it. Only men have a prostate, so prostate cancer also only occurs in men.

According to statistics from the US National Cancer Institute, prostate cancer is the third most common cancer and accounts for 9.5% of all new registered cancer cases in America in 2018. Most often (in almost 40% of cases) it is diagnosed in men aged 65 to 74 years.

Prostate cancer often grows so slowly that most men die from other causes before the disease becomes clinically advanced. 

The survival rate of men with prostate cancer is associated with many factors, especially the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. Thus, 100% of men will live 5 or more years with cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate.

Main symptoms

• — difficulties with urination: frequent (more than seven times a day) and/or painful urination;
• - blood in urine or semen;
• - difficult erection;
• - pain in the lower back, hips, bones.

There are several types of prostate cancer, but the most common is adenocarcinoma, which develops from prostate cells.

Other rarer types of prostate cancer include sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, and transitional cell carcinomas.

Risk factors

— Age over 50 years. Prostate cancer rarely appears in men under 40-45 years of age. But it is also the most common cause of cancer death for men over 75 years of age.

- Family history of the disease. If you have a close relative - brother, father or son - who has had prostate cancer, your risk of developing the disease doubles.

The risk increases even more if this type of cancer was found in several close relatives of the man, especially at a young age (before 50 years).

However, it is worth remembering that most cases of prostate cancer are found in men with no family history of the disease.

— Some inherited changes in genes increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. These include inherited mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, as well as Lynch syndrome.

- Race. Prostate cancer develops most often in African American men.

— Some eating habits. At the moment, a direct relationship between diet and the occurrence of prostate cancer has not been identified. However, according to research, frequent consumption of red meat and high-fat dairy products increases the risk of developing the disease.

- Increased body weight. Some studies show that obese men are more likely to develop aggressive and difficult-to-treat forms of prostate cancer.

Diagnostics

Most cases of early prostate cancer are detected by a prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test or rectal examination.

There is no consensus yet on the benefits of prostate cancer screening, as the results may lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment .

However, you should discuss the possibility of screening with your doctor:

- men over 50 years of age in the average risk group;

- men over 45 years of age in a high risk group. For example, if a close male relative was diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 65;

- men under 40 years of age are in a very high risk group. If several relatives were diagnosed with prostate cancer at a young age.

In this case, the doctor must clearly explain the entire sequence of actions that await a person during diagnosis.

Oncoepidemiologist Anton Barchuk: Screening is always a program, a protocol, a sequence of actions. The single test itself is not a screening test. At the moment, only PSA is used in screening, without specifying what will happen next, and therefore the PSA test is called screening. Randomized studies with MRI have already been launched; algorithms for using PSA testing in different age groups are being studied. But while their results are not available, the general conclusion is that an asymptomatic man who undergoes PSA condemns himself to a high risk of harm to health and little benefit .

 

PSA blood test

Prostate specific antigen, or PSA, is a protein produced by both healthy and diseased prostate cells. Previously, a PSA value of 4.0 ng/ml or lower was considered normal for a healthy man. However, additional research has shown that PSA levels in the blood depend on many factors and can vary within the same man.

There have been cases where prostate cancer has developed in men with a PSA below 4. Conversely, an elevated PSA result does not always mean the presence of cancer .

Having a urinary tract infection or prostatitis increases PSA levels in the blood. In addition, some medications lower it. These include finasteride and dutasteride, intended for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Disadvantages of PSA testing

PSA blood testing often produces a false positive (when a man who does not have prostate cancer is diagnosed with the disease) or a false negative result.

To clarify the diagnosis, the patient has to undergo additional examinations. This is a digital rectal examination as well as a biopsy.

A biopsy can rarely cause pain, infection, bleeding, and blood in the urine or semen.

Oncoepidemiologist Anton Barchuk:

Source: https://media.nenaprasno.ru/articles/pravila/rak-prostaty-dostupno-o-diagnostike-faktorakh-riska-i-statistike/

Prostate Cancer - Causes, Risk Factors and Screening

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer among the male population of our country: more than 190 thousand cases are diagnosed annually.

It is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in men. Chances are, people know someone in their community who has prostate cancer, or who has been treated for it.

More than two million men of all ages in the country - one out of every six patients - have the disease.

If detected early, prostate cancer has a good chance of being cured. In fact, sometimes such cancer does not pose a significant threat to a person's life, and can be observed for some time rather than being treated immediately.

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland in the male reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder, in front of the rectum, partly around the urethra, the tube through which urine is drained from the bladder. The prostate helps produce sperm and nourish it.

The prostate begins to develop while the baby is in the womb. It is fueled by androgens (male hormones) and continues to grow into adulthood.

Sometimes the prostate gland - or rather, the part of it - that surrounds the urethra continues to grow, leading to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Studies have shown that such cellular changes precede or develop into cancer. But this is controversial, and preventative treatment is not recommended.

If IEI is present, the best strategy is to ensure that a careful biopsy procedure does not show invasive cancer.

If EPI is the only finding, careful follow-up screening, supplemented by prostate antigen (PSA) blood testing and digital rectal examination (DRE), is recommended.

Prostate cancer occurs when prostate cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, damaging surrounding tissue and interfering with the normal function of the prostate gland. The cells are then able to spread to neighboring organs and other areas of the body.

As with many cancers, the origin of prostate cancer cells is unknown; approximately 5-10% of prostate cancer episodes are considered hereditary. Some researchers believe that levels of an androgen, or a hormone called IGF-1, may be higher than normal.

The distribution of prostate cancer cases across countries is uneven:

• Research has found that among the world's population, the incidence of prostate cancer varies greatly across countries, and a high-fat diet (such as the Western diet) increases the risk.
• Research continues across the planet to find the sources of prostate cancer.

Source: https://www.operabelno.ru/rak-predstatelnoj-zhelezy-prichiny-faktory-riska-i-screening/